Field Test Study of the Artificial Ground-Freezing Method Subsurface Excavation Construction of Watered Sandy Stratum in Collapsible Loess Area

Table 1

The physical parameters of the soil layer.

Soil layer number	Soil name	Cohesion (kPa)	Angle of friction (degree)	Soil thickness (m)	Porosity
1	Plain fill	5	10	1.5	—
2	Loess	29	24.5	3.7	0.47
3	Medium sand	0	32	8.6	0.40
4	Silty clay	32	17	3.8	0.41
5	Medium sand	1	43	6.0	0.40
6	Coarse sand	0	45	4.7	0.38
7	Silty clay	32	17	1.9	0.41
8	Medium sand	0	32	18.4	0.40