Restoring Force Model of an Energy-Dissipation Joint in Hybrid Frames: Simplified Skeleton Curve and Hysteretic Rules

Table 7

Transformation of nominal and real stain and stress of the steel.

Nominal stress (MPa)	Nominal strain	Real stress (MPa)	Real strain	Plastic strain
314	0.0015	314.5	0.0015	0
315	0.003	315.9	0.003	0.0015
445	0.15	511.75	0.139	0.137
445	0.4	580	0.34	0.337
—	—	600	—	2

Note: the last row of real strain and stress is only used to ensure that the final plastic stress is great enough and the stress-strain relationship keeps increasing in ABAQUS. There is no actual meaning of it.