Tunnel Back Analysis Based on Differential Evolution Using Stress and Displacement

<div>Construction of a numerical model and monitoring of displacement and stress. (a) Quarter-symmetry numerical model. (b) Displacement monitoring along the excavated tunnel periphery. (c) Stress and displacement monitoring along the lined tunnel periphery.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Tunnel Back Analysis Based on Differential Evolution Using Stress and Displacement 