Tunnel Back Analysis Based on Differential Evolution Using Stress and Displacement

<div>Numerical model for back analysis based on the modified DEA using stress and displacement. (a) Segment-lined tunnel under hydrostatic pressure. (b) Segment-lined tunnel with 1 MPa of additional isotropic hydrostatic pressure.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 6

Figure 6: Tunnel Back Analysis Based on Differential Evolution Using Stress and Displacement 