Tunnel Back Analysis Based on Differential Evolution Using Stress and Displacement

Table 1

Material properties used in the numerical study.

	Lining	Ground (weathered rock)
Elastic modulus, E	24 GPa	0.5 GPa
Cohesion, c	—	0.25 MPa
Friction angle,	—	35°
Poisson’s ratio,	0.18	0.3
Model	Elastic	Mohr-coulomb
Bulk modulus, K	E/3·(1 − 2ν)
Shear modulus, G	E/2·(1 + ν)