Dynamic Behavior and Serviceability Analysis of a New Type of U-Shaped Steel-Concrete Composite Floor Slab

Lu, Yaqin; Shang, Hongkun; Li, Zhengnong; Ma, Kejian; Jiang, Lan

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8321836

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 8321836 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8321836

Dynamic Behavior and Serviceability Analysis of a New Type of U-Shaped Steel-Concrete Composite Floor Slab

Yaqin Lu,¹Hongkun Shang,²Zhengnong Li,³Kejian Ma,¹and Lan Jiang³

Academic Editor: Rosario Montuori

Received29 Nov 2019

Accepted24 Feb 2020

Published30 Jun 2020

Abstract

A new type of U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor is analyzed in detail. The experimental test and finite element analysis of the floor are conducted to study the natural frequency and serviceability characteristics of the new composite floor structure. The natural frequency of the floor is measured under the environmental random vibration stimulating method, and the peak acceleration of the floor is measured under pedestrian-induced load. The experimental test results show that the U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor has better antiseismic behaviors and meet the specified serviceability requirements. The finite element analysis results indicate the constraints have a great impact on the calculation results. The experimental tests and FEM results of the floor are compared based on the modal assurance criterion, and the results are in good agreement. The experimental test acceleration curves demonstrate that the peak values meet the requirements of Chinese specification.

1. Introduction

The floor structure system has a great influence on the buildings. The conventional floor structure can meet the interior space requirement of general buildings, e.g., concrete floor structure [1, 2], prestressed concrete floor structure [3], steel-concrete composite floor structure [4–6], and space grid-concrete slab composite structure [7]. The conventional floor structure can be used for long-span structure through reasonable design and construction. However, long-span buildings require a larger interior space. The section height of beam increases with the increase of the span of the building, thus increasing the total height of conventional floor structures [8–10]. Therefore, it is necessary to invent an innovative floor structure which meets the larger interior space requirement and suits for long-span industrial and public buildings.

To meet the requirement, the U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor system has been invented recently in China to provide a floor system with a desirable long-span capacity and minimum constructional height [11, 12]. The floor structure system is composed of top ribs, bottom ribs, shear keys, a thin plate of the surface layer, and a U-shaped steel plate around the bottom ribs (Figure 1). Electrical and plumbing conduits can pass through the empty space between the top and bottom ribs, increasing the interior net height or reducing the floor height. The cracking and tensile problems of concrete beam bending large moment can be solved by adding U-shape steel around the bottom ribs, which enhances the span capacity of the U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor structure. The U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor system is suitable for long-span industrial and public buildings and has been applied in many projects [11, 12] (Figure 2). For example, the effective span of the Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine Amusement and Sports Center is 39 m. The application of the aforementioned floor has the following advantages compared with the conventional floor: lower construction cost, less material consumption, lower floor height, rapid construction speed, and many others [13, 14]. Therefore, it can meet the large interior space requirement of industrial and public buildings.

Long-span floor structure has the characteristics of large span, small mass, large stiffness, large damping ratio, and small natural frequency. Human activities have a great impact on the long-span buildings [15]. Human discomfort may be caused by excessive vibrations under human-induced loads, which limits the application of the U-shaped steel-concrete floor system. Therefore, it is very important to carry out the dynamic behavior and serviceability of the aforementioned floor research program.

A great deal of research on human-induced vibration has been conducted in [16–23], and many countries have published the codes and guidelines for the human-induced vibration of structures. However, they are suitable for the conventional floor structures. As the U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor structure is an innovative floor structure in China, its mass, stiffness, damping, and boundary conditions are different from those of the conventional floor structures. As a new form of spatial structure, there are few research results available for the vibration mechanism of the U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamic behavior and serviceability of the U-shape steel-concrete composite floor.

To achieve this goal, the following work has been done:(1)The experimental test of the vertical vibration model of U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor slab was performed by environmental excitation. The pedestrian-induced acceleration test of the floor was carried out under eight kinds of test conditions.(2)The finite element analysis of the floor was established to study its vibration behavior and serviceability.(3)The experimental test results and FEM modal results of the structure were compared based on the modal assurance criterion, including the natural frequency and the peak acceleration under pedestrian-induced loads.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Criteria of Floor Serviceability

The vertical natural frequency of residences and apartments, office buildings and hotels, and long-span public buildings should, respectively, not be less than 5 Hz, 4 Hz, and 3 Hz according to the Concrete Structures Design Specification [24].

The vertical natural frequency of the floor structure should not be less than 3 Hz according to the Technical Regulations on Concrete Structures in High-Rise Buildings [25]; the peak value of the vibration acceleration is shown in Table 1. The limit of peak acceleration can be chosen by linear interpolation when the vertical natural frequency is between 2 and 4 Hz.

The natural frequency of the floor structure should be between 4 Hz and 8 Hz according to Code of Design and Construction of Composite Building [26]; the vertical peak acceleration of residences and office buildings, shopping mall and interior gallery should, respectively, not be more than 0.005 and 0.015 , where is the acceleration of gravity.

ATC40 shows the serviceability of the floor based on damping ratio and peak acceleration listed in Table 2. β is damping ratio, α₀ is maximum peak acceleration, and is the acceleration of gravity.

2.2. Project Description

As shown in Figure 3, the floor connects with the other rooms. The yield strength of the U-shaped steel is 310 N/mm², and the compressive strength of concrete is 19.1 N/mm². The plane span of the floor is 25.2 m, and the total height of the floor is 1.2 m. Figure 4 schematically shows the U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor.

(a)

(b)

2.3. Field Measurements of the Floor Slab

The experimental test on the vertical vibration and peak acceleration of the U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor were performed. The natural frequency, damping ratio, modal shape, and vertical peak acceleration were obtained. All of the test data were collected by the DHC DH5910 data collector system, which had eight channels and seven TAISETE TST126V accelerometer sensors and a laptop.

2.3.1. Modal Test

The test methods include the peak pickup method and the power spectrum principle. The maximum value of the frequency-response function (FRF) is near the natural frequency [27]. In this method, the FRF is replaced by the power spectrum of the response. If a mode corresponds to a peak value of the power spectrum, this value can be used to obtain the natural frequency.

The degree of freedom of the structure is N, where N is three times of the number of floors, the external load is excited on point , and the FRF of point can be expressed as [27]:where is the frequency ratio, is the natural frequency of the structure, is the equivalent stiffness of the rth order, is the modal stiffness of the rth order, and and are the modal vectors of the rth order at points l and , respectively.

The self-power spectrum and cross-power spectrum can be obtained from the test data as follows:where and are unilateral self-power spectral density functions, respectively. The extreme point of the self-power spectrum can be obtained by deriving .

In a system that can be input, output, and tested, the natural frequency appears in the position of the frequency response function, and the corresponding peak value also appears in the amplitude-frequency diagram. The environmental random vibration stimulating method is adopted in this test, which can only test the response signal of the system and calculate the frequency of the floor according to the above formula.

In the experimental test, seven acceleration sensors are employed to measure the vibration responses of the long-span floor. According to the vibration characteristics of the floor obtained by FEM and the field situation, the intersection points of the top ribs and bottom ribs are selected as the measuring points. There are a total of 38 measuring points, and the distribution is shown in Figure 5. Measuring point 8 is the modal reference point, which is a fixed point during the whole testing process.

The test had been done under environmental random vibration stimulating method, and any activity in the U-shape steel-concrete composite floor was forbidden. The natural frequency, modal shape, and damping ratio can be obtained from the measured responses of the structure. The main structure of the MNG project had been completed before testing. Firstly, the data collecting system collected and analyzed the vibration responses of the floor. Then, the frequency response function data are analyzed using the DHC modal analysis system. Finally, the modal parameters were obtained by the modal parameter identification method.

The precise locations for all measuring points were acquired with the measuring instrument. Measuring points were marked, polished, and numbered. The sampling frequency was 100 Hz, and the analyzing frequency was 39.06 Hz.

The test equipment was calibrated to meet the accuracy requirements; the position of the reference point was fixed. The test data for all measuring points are acquired sequentially.

2.3.2. Pedestrian-Induced Acceleration

A time-history analysis method was applied to analyze the vertical vibration accelerations of the floor. The peak acceleration excited by pedestrian-induced vibration can be expressed aswhere is the vibration acceleration of the floor (m/s²), is the pedestrian-induced force with the frequency near the natural frequency (kN), β is the damping ratio of the floor, is the impedance of the floor, is acceleration of gravity, is the force by pedestrian-induced vibration, and f_n is the vertical natural frequency of the floor.

While measuring the peak acceleration of the floor, eight test conditions were considered: solo experimenter stepping; solo experimenter jumping; solo experimenter walking along a designated route; 10 experimenters in a line walking along a designated route; 10 experimenters in a row walking along a designated route; 12 experimenters stepping; 12 experimenters jumping; and 12 experimenters walking in a designated area. The weight of an experimenter is 70 kg.

Twelve experimenters were selected and measured on height, weight, and normal step frequency. For the jumping tests, the test conditions were divided into three frequencies: 1.7 Hz, 2.1 Hz, and 2.4 Hz. The acceleration measuring points are located near the centroid of the first modal as shown in Figure 3; the experimenters stood precisely at the center point of each grid. The experimenters jumped according to the frequency of the sound. When the jumping frequency agreed well with the sound frequency, the data collecting system began to work. The excitation time of every measurement lasted 40 s.

2.4. Finite Element Analyses

2.4.1. Modal Test

The beam element is used to model the columns, top ribs, bottom ribs, shear keys, and U-shaped steel. The shell element is used to model the thin plate, frame beams, and shear walls. Under the action of dynamic load, the elastic modulus of the concrete increased by 20%. Poisson’s ratio is 0.2, and the damping ratio is 0.02. The FEM model is shown in Figure 6. Based on the stiffness of the top/bottom layer columns, the height of the top/bottom layer columns is half the height of the story. The linear displacement constraint in three directions is at the end of the columns. Petyt and Mirza [28] prove that flexural stiffness plays an important role in the natural frequency of the floor. The boundary conditions have a significant impact on the natural frequency and dynamic responses [29]. The test floor is part of the main structure and is connected with other structures. The constraints excited by other connected structures may affect the stiffness of the floor [30]. Thus, the boundary conditions are assumed as follows: (1) the boundary conditions between the floor slab and the frame beams are fixed support, i.e., FEM I and (2) the boundary conditions between the floor slab and the frame beams are simple support, i.e., FEM II.

2.4.2. Pedestrian-Induced Acceleration

The mode is described in Section 2.4.1.

The dynamic responses of jumping excitation refer to the summarized time-history curves proposed by Liu et al. [31] (Figure 7.). a is the jump dynamic factor, b is the duration of feet on the ground, and T is the jumping period. Based on the measured data, when the jumping frequency f ≥ 2.4 Hz, then a = 4.0 and b = 0.45; when the jumping frequency f ≤ 2.0 Hz, then a = 3.0 and b = 0.55. The jumping excitation is placed in the center of the shaded grid in Figure 6, and the excitation time lasts 40 s.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Model Test Results

The environmental random vibration stimulating method was used in the experimental test, and the DHC modal analysis system was used to analyze the acquired data. The first four orders of natural frequencies and the damping ratio were obtained, and the results are presented in Table 3. Figure 8 displays the first four orders of the modal shapes.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3.2. Peak Value of Pedestrian-Induced Acceleration

The project is an open public space where visitors can sometimes be relatively concentrated. The last five test conditions are closer to the actual conditions in the building. In this section, the eight test conditions in Section 2.3 are presented. Figure 9 shows these experimental test scenes. The experimenter stood at the point 8 during solo experimenter stepping and jumping. The designated route is along the span direction at the midpoint of the long side of the floor during solo experimenter walking, 10 experimenters in a line walking, and 10 experimenters in a row walking. 12 experimenters stood at the center of each grid (+) in the shadow of Figure 5 during 12 experimenters stepping and jumping. The designed area is the shadow in Figure 5 during 12 experimenters walking.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Table 4 lists the peak accelerations of the measured points under the eight test conditions: peak acceleration at each measured point during solo experimenter stepping (mm/s²); peak acceleration at each measured point during solo experimenter jumping (mm/s²); peak acceleration during solo experimenter walking along a designated route (mm/s²); peak acceleration 10 experimenters in a line walking along a designated route (mm/s²); peak acceleration 10 experimenters in a row walking along a designated route (mm/s²); peak acceleration at each measured point during 12 experimenters stepping (mm/s²); peak acceleration at each measured point during 12 experimenters jumping (mm/s²); peak acceleration 12 experimenters walking in a designated area (mm/s²).

The following points can be observed from Table 4: (1) the peak accelerations increases with the increase of the active frequency at the same measured point under the eight test conditions. (2) Under the eight test conditions, the peak accelerations appears at the measured point 15 which is almost located in the center of the floor. (3) The peak acceleration under solo experimenter jumping is larger than that under solo experimenter stepping at the same active frequency, because the impact force of the jumping on the floor increases larger. (4) 10 experimenters in a line are more disadvantageous than 10 experimenters in a row walking along the span direction at the midpoint of the long side of the floor. (5) The experimental results of 12 experimenters stepping and jumping are similar to (3), the peak acceleration is not big when 12 experimenters walking in the designated area, and the peak acceleration of the floor can meet the specification when many people walk freely. (6) The biggest peak acceleration of measured point 15 is 0.028 m/s² under 12 experimenters jumping. The measured results of the peak acceleration meet the requirement of less than 0.05 m/s². Also, the measured points near the centroid of the floor possess the larger peak accelerations at the same jumping frequency.

The acceleration time-history curve of measured point 15 under the test conditions of a jumping frequency of 2.4 Hz with 12 experimenters is shown in Figure 10.

3.3. Modal Analyses Results of FEM

The dynamic structural analysis is based on the dynamic response and the mass equation of the concentrated node. It is important to define the node quality in the FEM analysis. The test floor was undecorated and the node quality was defined as one times the load. As listed in Table 5, because of the influence of the boundary conditions, the natural frequency of FEM I is higher than that of FEM II.

Figure 11 shows the first six mode shapes obtained by the FEM I analyses.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

3.3.1. Comparison of Results: Experimental Test and FEM Analyses

The comparison between the experimental tests and FEM analyses under the fixed support boundary condition reveals the following incomplete corresponding relations of the mode shapes. The first two mode shapes of the FEM analyses correspond to the first two mode shapes of the experimental tests. The fourth mode shape of the FEM analyses corresponds to the third mode shape of the experimental test. The sixth mode shape of the FEM analyses corresponds to the fourth mode shape of the experimental test. These results reflect the complexity of the test environment and indicate some mode shapes cannot be excited. Moreover, some signal strengths are too weak to be acquired.

As shown in Table 6, the deviations between FEM I and the experimental tests are less than 5%. The deviations between FEM II and the experimental tests are larger; the maximum error is −33.14%, and the minimum error is −18.1%. The results show that the boundary condition of FEM I is in accordance with the actual condition. The tested floor is connected with adjacent structures which constrain the rotation of the floor, so the boundary condition approximates the fixed support. Thus, the restraint effect of adjacent structures excitation cannot be ignored in the FEM analysis.

Through the comparison between the experimental test mode shapes and FEM I, it is found that the results of FEM I are basically in agreement with the ideal situation, and the center of the experimental mode is slightly shifted to the left because of constraining forces from the connected structures which are the left crossed shear keys and the thicker U-shaped steel. The mode shape curves of the experimental test are smooth, and the mode shapes curves of FEM I have edges. This difference is due to the boundary conditions. The boundary condition in the FEM I is fixed support, which the actual condition cannot meet.

The natural frequency of the experimental test (5.96 Hz) or the FEM I (6.18 Hz) exceeds the specification requirement of 3 Hz. The results show that the U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor is suitable for long-span floors and meets the specification requirement of serviceability.

3.3.2. Comparison of Results: Similarity Metric Computation

The similarity between experimental test data and FEM data is estimated by using the modal assurance criterion [32] (MAC). In this section, MAC is used to verify the experimental test results.

is the mode vector of the experimental test and is the corresponding mode vector of FEM I or FEM II. The similarity can be calculated as

If the two mode shapes are similar, the MAC value is 1.

There are 38 measuring points in this experimental test; the first fourth order mode vectors of each measured points are extracted. In addition, the first, second, fourth, and sixth order mode vectors of FEM I or FEM II are selected. After extraction, the data are normalized. The MAC values of the experimental test and FEM I or FEM II are calculated by (5). The results are shown in Table 7. The similarity between the experimental test and FEM I is almost all over 0.8. On the whole, the experimental test results are reliable. The similarity between FEM I and the experimental test is better than that between FEM IIand the experimental test.

3.4. Comparison of Results between Experimental Test and FEM

In this section, the acceleration time-history curves of three measured points (No. 9, No. 15, and No. 27) are compared with that of FEM during 12 experimenters jumping under a frequency 2.4 Hz. These results are plotted in Figure 12. The results indicate that the acceleration time-history curves agree well with the experimental test curves.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 13 compares the peak accelerations between the experimental test data and the FEM data. The results show that the experimental results are higher than those of FEM. This may be due to the fact that the FEM model only the floor tested where the experimental test floor model is connected to other rooms and partitions in some places.

4. Conclusions

In this paper, the dynamic responses of the U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor are studied by the method of experimental tests and FEM analyses in the MNG project. Based on the results obtained from this investigation, the following significant conclusions are drawn:(1)The natural frequencies obtained by the experimental test and FEM Ianalyses are 5.96 Hz and 6.18 Hz, respectively. The results meet the specification requirement of 3 Hz. Thus, the U-shaped steel-concrete composite floor can be used in long-span floors and the natural frequency can meet the specification requirement.(2)In the FEM modal analyses, the natural frequency of the FEM Ianalyses is similar to that of the experimental test when the boundary conditions of the floor slabs and the frame beams are fixed supports, the natural frequency deviation of the FEM II analyses and the experimental test is larger when the boundary conditions are simple supports. Thus, the restraint effect of adjacent structures excitation cannot be ignored in FEM analyses.(3)The MAC is applied to estimate the similarity between the experimental test data and the FEM data. The vectors extracted are the first four orders’ mode vectors of the experimental test and the first-, second-, fourth-, and sixth-order mode vectors of FEM I and FEMII. The MAC values of the experimental test and FEM I are almost all over 0.8, and the experimental test results are reliable. The similarity between FEM I and the experimental test is better than that between FEMII and the experimental test.(4)The peak accelerations are measured under eight test conditions. The peak accelerations increases with the increase of the active frequency at the same measured point because the impact force on the floor increases largely and the peak accelerations is almost located in the center of the floor. The biggest peak acceleration is 0.028 m/s² under 12 experimenters jumping which can meet the specification requirement of less than 0.05 m/s².

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (project no. [2018]1038), the Natural Science Foundation of Department of Education of Guizhou Province (project no. [2015]430), and the Introduction of Talents Research Program of Guizhou University (project no. [2016]16).

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Copyright © 2020 Yaqin Lu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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