Fragility-Based Improvement of System Seismic Performance for Long-Span Suspension Bridges

Figure 13

Choice of the three retrofit measures based on deformations and forces: (a) EDP-IM relation; (b) pounding probability conditioned on IM; (c) pounding probability conditioned on deformation; contours of pounding probability for (d) dampers and (e) elastic cables.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)