Analytical Study of Soil Displacement Induced by Twin Shield Tunneling in Semi-Infinite Viscoelastic Ground

Figure 3

The time-domain curves of the horizontal and vertical displacement of the ground surface on the central axis of a double-line tunnel induced by various factors: horizontal displacement caused by support pressures (a), shield shell frictions (c), grouting pressures (e), and ground loss (g); vertical displacement caused by support pressures (b), shield shell frictions (d), grouting pressures (f), and ground loss (h).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)