Forecasting Disastrous Characteristics of Highway Landslides Using the Material Point Method: A Surcharge-Induced Perspective

Figure 4

Plastic strain evolution process: (a) time = 0 s, (b) time = 1 s, (c) time = 1.5 s, (d) time = 2 s, (e) time = 4 s, (f) time = 5 s.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)