Research of Transitional Failure Mode as Damage Evolution in Rock Wall

Figure 1

Apparatus for simulation of surface instability. 1: front wall; 2: left wall; 3: perforated wall; 4: half window wall; 5: full-window wall; 6: base; 7: back wall; 8: wedge plate; 9: FRP backing plate; 10: square specimen; 11: ordinary steel base plate; 12: high strength bolt; 13: LVDT holder; 14: holder; 15: top plate.