Predicting the Compressive Strength of Desert Sand Concrete Using ANN: PSO and Its Application in Tunnel

Table 2

Range of input and output parameters in the database.

Input parameters	Minimum	Maximum
Water-binder ratio	0.24	0.50
Sand ratio (wt %)	24	46
The replacement rate of desert sand (wt %)	0	100
Desert sand type	—	—
Fly ash content (wt %)	10	25
Silica fume content (wt %)	0	10
Air content (vol%)	2.8	6.3
Slump (mm)	125	235
Output value (MPa) (28 d)	32.8	86.2