Numerical and Experimental Study on Soil Plug Resistance of Open-Ended Pipe Pile with a Restriction Plate

Table 1

Particle parameters used in the DEM model.

Parameter	Value
Particle size	3.0∼4.0 mm
Particle density	2683 kg/m^3
Initial porosity	0.42
Normal/shear contact stiffness	4.5 × 10^5 N/m
Particle friction coefficient	0.65
Critical damping ratio	0.1
Wall contact stiffness	1.0 × 10^8 N/m
Soil-steel friction coefficient	0.33
Characterized friction angle	28.6°
Characterized Young’s modulus	8.57 MPa