Multiparameter Inversion Early Warning System of Tunnel Stress-Seepage Coupling Based on IA-BP Algorithm

<div>Time history curve of settlement and horizontal convergence of tunnel. (a) Cumulative vault settlement diagram. (b) Cumulative horizontal convergence graph.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 16

Figure 16: Multiparameter Inversion Early Warning System of Tunnel Stress-Seepage Coupling Based on IA-BP Algorithm 