Analysis of Cost Overrun and Schedule Delays of Infrastructure Projects in Low Income Economies: Case Studies in Ethiopia

Table 2

Risk factors leading to schedule delays in infrastructure projects.

Category	Risks leading to cost overrun	Ref.
Client/owner related	Unrealistic contract durations imposed by owner	[7, 39]
	Poorly defined scope	[9, 16]
	Client/owner interference	[22, 33, 39]
	Variations (design changes/extra work)	[38]
	Poor communication between project team	[37, 40]
	Slow decision making by owner	[33]
Consultant related	Delays in payments	[5, 41]
	Underestimation of project cost	[37, 40]
	Poor inspection or supervision	[15]
	Poor contract management	[40]
	Delay in preparation and approval of drawings	[5, 38]
	Waiting time for approval of tests and inspections	[33, 37]
	Lack of competency and experience of consultant	[9, 20, 33]
Contractor related	Poor site management	[28, 37]
	Financial problems/constraints	[5, 35, 37]
	Construction methods	[9, 33]
	Poor planning (materials and labor estimation)	[3, 15, 38]
	Poor communication and misunderstanding	[6, 17, 35]
	Subcontractors (lack of experience, etc.)	[7, 33]
	Inadequate experience and competency of contractor	[5, 35, 41]
Government related	Slow permits by government agencies	[9, 20]
	Bureaucracies in government agencies	[9]
	Political interference	[5, 7]
	Economic conditions (currencies, inflation)	[7, 25]
	Ineffective legislative regulations	[33]
Materials related	Shortage of construction materials	[5, 15]
	Escalation of material prices	[39]
	Delay of material delivery on-site	[28, 32, 33]
	Poor material procurement techniques	[7, 37]
	Low quality of materials	[9, 25, 35]
Contractual related	Major claims and disputes	[17]
	Inappropriate type of contract (procurement process)	[7, 9, 20]
	Poor collaboration between parties	[20, 33]