Prefailure Deformation of Nailed Deep Excavations under Surcharge by Centrifuge Model Test

Figure 10

Lateral deformation development of facing from the starting of excavation until the facing fracture threshold. (a) 100 kPa surcharge. (b) 70 kPa surcharge. (c) 40 kPa surcharge.

(a)

(b)

(c)