Reduction of Embodied Energy and Construction Cost of Affordable Houses through Efficient Architectural Design: A Case Study in Indian Scenario

Table 4

Embodied energies of construction materials [9, 46–48, 51].

S. no.	Item	Embodied energy (MJ/kg)		% change in international to Indian scenario (%)
		Indian scenario	International source
1	Cement	5.9–7.8 (avg. 6.85)	4.5	−34
2	Fine aggregate	0.1–0.2 (avg. 0.15)	0.83	+453
3	Coarse aggregates	0.4	0.83	+107
4	Reinforcement steel	28.2–42 (avg. 35.1)	17.4	−50
5	Burnt clay bricks (weight of brick 2.6 kg/no’s)	1.8	3	+66
6	Lime wash	5.65	5.3	−6
7	Woodwork	7.2	10	+38
8	Copper wire	110	36	−67
9	PVC conduit	104–108 (avg. 106)	67.5	−36