A Novel Excavation and Construction Method for an Extra-Long Underwater Tunnel in Soft Soils

Table 2

Summary of main geotechnical properties of soil layers.

Soil layer	(kN/m^3)	(kN/m^3)	Es (kN/m^2)		(kPa)	(°)	(cm/s)
②1 Silty clay	16.8	19.4	20000	0.31	34.4	34.7	4.39E − 06
②2 Silty clay	17.7	18.9	20000	0.31	22.6	12.2	1.08E − 05
②3 Silt	18.1	19.1	30000	0.30	12.6	26.5	1.79E − 04
②4 Mucky silty clay	16.7	17.8	10000	0.35	13.7	5.3	7.35E − 06
③1 Silty clay	18.9	19.7	23000	0.33	36.2	14.2	3.77E − 06
③2 Silty clay	17.3	18.2	23000	0.33	19.0	13.0	1.78E − 06
④1 Clay	18.5	19.5	35000	0.35	46.6	14.7	8.27E − 07
Cohesive soil	18.5	19.5	35000	0.35	45	15	1.0E − 07

Note:  = unsaturated unit weight;  = saturated unit weight; E_s = Young’s ground modulus;  = Poisson’s ration;  = cohesion;  = friction angle;  = permeability.