Abstract
With the continuous progress of the construction industry, the requirements for concrete in the bridge engineering are getting higher and higher. This research mainly discusses the detection of D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube structure in bridge engineering. In this study, the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube member was used as the research object, and the load-displacement curve of the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube compression-bending member was analyzed by the fiber model program. In the determination of the bonding state of the concrete-filled steel tube interface, in order to avoid the impact of mechanical and manual vibrating and the difference in concrete pouring methods on the test, the study uses C60 self-compacting microexpansion concrete. While pouring the specimens, three sets of cube specimens with a side length of 100 mm are reserved to determine the mechanical properties of the concrete simultaneously. In the temperature shock measurement of the concrete-filled steel tube specimen, the concrete-filled steel tube specimen was placed in a resistance heater during the simulated heating stage and heated to 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C at room temperature. When measuring the mechanical properties of the specimen under the axial load, the specimen is heated from room temperature to the temperature of the entire section to reach 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C. After preloading, the load of each level is 10t for continuous operation. Load and record the strain of the steel pipe and concrete under each load. If only the radial effect of the steel tube on concrete is considered, the temperature of 11°C, 20°C, and 80°C is the best ambient temperature. The results show that the D-shaped steel tube concrete interface state can provide a certain theoretical and experimental reference for the optimization of the steel tube concrete interface, ensuring the long-term working performance of the steel tube concrete under the harsh environment.
1. Introduction
With the gradual improvement of industry and construction industry, the requirements of mixing concrete in bridge engineering are higher and higher [1]. Under the action of axial pressure, the steel tube is under axial and radial compression, while the circular tension is. The concrete is under three-dimensional compression, and the steel tube and concrete are in three-dimensional stress state. The compressive strength of concrete under three-dimensional compression is greatly improved, while the plasticity is increased, and the concrete material shows good ductility. It is this ductility that determines the basic performance and characteristics of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST), and as a new type of composite structure, it shows great vitality and development prospects [2].
Due to the complexity of the mechanical properties of steel pipe concrete, the current research level is still lagging behind. In terms of static performance, there are many strength calculation formulas, but due to the inconsistent limit state standards and too many experience coefficients, the calculation results of various formulas are quite different. However, the fiber model analysis method is used to calculate the concrete-filled steel tube component, and the full curve of the force and deformation of the concrete-filled steel tube component can be obtained, and the force situation at each stage can be accurately described with high accuracy [3]. In addition, the forms of concrete-filled steel tube members currently studied are mainly round, square, and rectangular.
It is very necessary to experiment and analyze the performance of lightweight concrete steel tube support rods (short columns) under concentric compression. Salgar and Patil used Sintagg (expanded clay aggregate) lightweight aggregate to prepare 40 N/mm grade high-strength lightweight concrete. They tested 64 samples to study the axial compression behavior of lightweight concrete-filled tube (LWCFT) braces. They used different strut lengths, cross-sectional dimensions, and thicknesses to enumerate the influence of component geometry and composition material properties on the structural behavior of CFT struts. The ultimate strength results are compared with current codes governing the design of concrete-filled steel tube columns. Their research has too few comparative data [4]. Hayashi et al. studied the seismic performance of a self-centering swing composite steel/concrete frame system through experiments. The system consists of a double-skinned concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) column support frame designed as ultra-high-strength (HS) steel to maintain elasticity. Allow the column to be separated from the foundation and the typical all-steel flexural frame (MRF). The fuse is made of conventional steel or low-yield-point steel to further improve the deformability. They designed an effective shear transfer mechanism that can effectively achieve the lifting behavior and prevent the column base from slipping. Their research lacks experimental data [5]. Kenarangi and Bruneau research investigated the contribution of steel casing to the structural resistance and seismic response of uniaxial foundations. They studied the composite properties of the specimen and the development of plastic hinges under large deformation and compared the results with the results. Their research method is not perfect [6]. Biswas et al. proposed an innovative beam-column composite node with tight brackets and studied its behavior through finite element analysis. First, they developed two finite element models of bolt-extended end plate joints in ABAQUS and verified them with available experimental results. Then, based on the modified model, a parameter analysis was performed to evaluate the new joint performance in terms of initial joint stiffness, rotation capacity, torque capacity, failure mode, and joint classification [7]. Their research method is not novel enough [8].
This study takes D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube members as the research object and uses fiber model program to analyze the load-displacement curve of D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube compression-bending members. In the determination of the bonding state of the concrete-filled steel tube interface, in order to avoid the influence of mechanical and manual vibrating and the difference of concrete pouring methods on the test [9], the study uses C60 self-compacting microexpansion concrete. While pouring the specimens, three sets of cube specimens with a side length of 100 mm are reserved to determine the mechanical properties of the concrete simultaneously. In the temperature shock measurement of the concrete-filled steel tube specimen, the concrete-filled steel tube specimen was placed in a resistance heater during the simulated heating phase, and the simulated normal temperature was heated to 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C.
2. D-Shaped Steel Tube Concrete
2.1. Concrete-Filled Steel Tube
Concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns are an increasingly popular method of supporting huge compressive loads in buildings [10, 11]. The remaining strength of the CFST short column can be used to evaluate the potential damage caused by the fire and provide the least structural fire protection for the repair after the fire [12]. Regarding the distribution of CFST arch bridges in industry, they are mainly used in highways and municipal engineering, and their applications in railways, especially in high-speed railways, have grown rapidly [13, 14]. Among all bridges, 85% are composed of five types of structural systems, namely: deck bridges, semithrough bridges, combined arch beams, bird arch bridges, and straight-framed arch bridges [15]. For the cross-sectional form of the main arch rib, the popular forms are single tube, dumbbell shape, and truss, with circular steel tube concrete as the basic element [15, 16]. In various structural systems of CFST arch bridges, especially in long-span railway bridges, basket-shaped arch bridges have been adopted [17]. In the past 20 years, China has made great progress in the construction of concrete-filled steel tube arch bridges and concrete arch bridges with CFST skeletons [18, 19]. The span of these bridges has been increasing rapidly, which is rare in the history of bridge development [20].
2.2. Fiber Model Analysis Method
The analysis of the structure includes two aspects, one is the analysis of the section strength and the other is the analysis of the stability of the component. When the fiber model method is used to study the stable bearing capacity of the component [21], first make an ideal assumption about the deformation of the component during the loading process and then divide the steel pipe into a number of fiber elements of equal area or unequal area on the failure control section and then divide the core concrete into fibers in the same way. After calculating the axial force and bending moment of each unit, the entire section is integrated to obtain the internal force of the section. On the basis of satisfying the balance of internal and external forces, the ultimate stability bearing capacity of the component is finally obtained by the iterative method [22, 23]. This study first introduced the structural models of steel and concrete used and then explained the calculation principle and calculation process of the fiber model method. Finally, the fiber model method was used to analyze the axial compression performance of the D-shaped steel tube concrete column [7, 24]. For the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube member of ordinary structure, the cross-section has internal angle, external angle, and the same length-to-width ratio, and there is a big difference in the restraint performance of the core concrete between the internal angle and the external angle [25, 26].
Among them,
Among them, is the compressive strength of the concrete cylinder [27]. When the constraint effect coefficient is the same, but the aspect ratio of the section is different, then
Among them, is the equivalent restraint effect coefficient of the component with the section [28, 29]. Based on the concept of weighted average, the equivalent constraint effect coefficient of D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube members can be expressed as follows:
When the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube member is in a state of eccentric compression, in addition to the compression zone, there may also be a tension zone in the core concrete. Considering that the tensile strength of concrete is small, the tensile effect of concrete has a greater impact on the bearing capacity of the member. The stress-strain relationship of concrete in the tension zone is as follows:
Among them, .
2.3. Load Path
When the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube member is under bias, there is an axial force N and a bending moment M in the section of the member. When the mechanical properties are studied, there are different loading paths [13].(1)First apply the axial pressure N, keep the magnitude and direction of the axial pressure N unchanged, and then apply the bending moment M in an equal proportion;(2)The axial force N and the bending moment M are applied simultaneously in proportion;(3)First apply the bending moment M, keep the magnitude and direction of the bending moment M unchanged, and then apply the axial pressure N. Among the three loading methods, the column in the high-rise structure is close to the loading path I under the action of horizontal load. The unidirectional and bidirectional bending members in the engineering structure are loaded according to the loading path II, and the loading path III is in the actual project, and it is relatively rare [30].
Keeping the eccentricity e and the angle θ constant, the process of applying vertical load to the member is the loading path II. At this time, the vertical pressure N and the two-way bending moment are applied simultaneously in proportion. Different from the loading path I, because the L-shaped section is a uniaxially symmetric section and the concrete material has different tensile and compressive properties, when the load acts on the asymmetric axis (X axis), the neutral axis of the section during the loading process direction will change and the component will become two-way bending. The fiber model program flow of loading path II is shown in Figure 1, and the preparation steps of the numerical analysis program are as follows.
Suppose and are, respectively, the maximum deflection in the middle of the span when the component flexes and deforms in the main plane and, then
A single enlarged shaft foundation is usually used to support the bridge column. In some cases, it consists of a permanent steel shell, which is usually ignored when calculating the structural resistance of the shaft. The curvature of the midspan section around the X axis and Y axis is as follows:
The strains and at the centroid of concrete element j and steel tube element j are as follows:
From the material constitutive model, the stresses of the concrete element and steel element are as follows:
Then, the bending moment of the component in the two principal axis planes is as follows:
Among them, is the internal bending moment around the x-axis, is the internal bending moment around the y-axis, and is the internal force.
3. Testing Experiment of D-Shaped Steel Tube Concrete Structure
3.1. Selection of Research Objects
The main factors affecting the bearing capacity of the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube column structure are the tube wall width-to-thickness ratio, the concrete compressive strength, and the steel yield strength. In this study, considering the above main factors, the stability bearing capacity of D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube members with different parameters was analyzed. The values of different parameters are shown in Table 1. D-Shaped thin-walled round steel pipes were selected for this test. In this test, there are 5 specimens of self-compacting microexpansion concrete short column of the steel tube with exactly the same material and size. Considering that the diameter and thickness of the steel pipe is 21t ≤ D ≤ 42t and the length-to-diameter ratio is L ≤ 4D, it can represent the actual situation of concrete construction steel pipe concrete, which has a good representativeness. The hoop coefficient ζ is 0.798.
3.2. Force Loading of D-Shaped Steel Tube Concrete
This study takes D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube members as the research object and uses fiber model program to analyze the load-displacement curve of D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube compression-bending members. In order to simplify the calculation, the following assumptions are considered:(1)During the loading process, the cross-section of the component is always kept as a plane, only considering the destruction of the internal and external force balance relationship of the control section and treating it as a zero-length unit(2)The flexural deformation of the component is half-sine wave(3)The steel plate and the concrete are completely bonded, and there is no relative slippage between the steel pipe and the concrete(4)The influence of component shear deformation is not considered(5)Under pressure and two-way bending moments of the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube member, in addition to the compression zone, there may also be a tension zone
When the fiber model method is used for numerical analysis of the ordinary structure of the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube compression-bending member, the steel and concrete of the midspan section of the member are divided into a large number of fiber elements, and then the area and coordinates of each fiber element are calculated. The internal force of each fiber through the strain, stress-strain relationship, and area of each fiber element is calculated. Finally, by integrating and summing the internal force of each fiber element, the resultant force of the internal force of the section is obtained, and then according to the balance condition with the internal and external forces, output of the corresponding external loads N and M is found.
3.3. Bonding State of the Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Interface
3.3.1. Layout of Measuring Points
The steel pipes are made of Q235 steel, which are all water-cooled and planed on a lathe to avoid the possible impact of temperature stress on the axial compression test of the short column during oxygen welding and strictly guarantee the length, consistency, and processing accuracy. In order to accurately measure the strain and deformation of the specimen under various loads, select 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 of the specimen to paste the strain gauges, denoted as 1-1, 2-2, and 3-3 section. Each section has four single longitudinal and hoop strain gauges at 90° intervals.
3.3.2. Specimen Molding
In order to avoid the impact of mechanical and manual vibrating and the difference in concrete pouring methods on the test and referring to the relevant engineering design standards and construction process requirements, this test uses C60 self-compacting microexpansion concrete. Among them, the cement model adopts P.0.5-2.5; the coarse aggregate adopts limestone crushed stone with a maximum particle size of 20 mm, which is continuously graded; the fine aggregate adopts standard sand in a dry state; the fly ash uses first-grade fly ash; the superplasticizer uses Vivid-500 multielement carboxylic acid superplasticizer; the expansion agent uses VEA-H concrete expansion agent.
The measured concrete slump on-site is 260 mm > 250 mm. The expansion degree of concrete is 600 mm ≥ 600 mm, which meets the design index requirements of self-compacting concrete. While pouring the specimens, three sets of cube specimens with a side length of 100 mm are reserved to determine the mechanical properties of the concrete simultaneously. When pouring concrete, first erect the steel tube, pour the concrete from the top, and let it stand for 2 hours for curing. The concrete strength is obtained from the test block test formed and cured under the same conditions and finally converted into the strength standard value. In addition, the resistance values of the strain gauges were measured before and after pouring the concrete, and the changes were found to be minimal after comparison [32].
3.4. Temperature Shock Test of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Specimen
When simulating the heating stage, the concrete-filled steel tube specimen was placed in a resistance heater and heated to 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C at room temperature. The test piece is heated from room temperature, and the heating ends when the temperature of the concrete at the center of the three sections of the test piece reaches the same level (Ta = T4c = Tps); in the simulated cooling stage, when the test piece is heated to 80°C, the resistance heater is turned off and automatically cooled down to normal temperature. From the beginning of heating to each set maximum temperature value and cooling from 80°C to normal temperature, the temperature and strain were collected every 15 min.
3.5. Mechanical Properties of Specimens under Axial Load
The main equipment for this test includes 1SMN electro-hydraulic servo pressure tester, resistance heater, and temperature automatic reading recorder. Before the constant temperature loading test of the concrete-filled steel tube specimen, the compressive strength of the concrete standard test block is tested, and its compressive strength is 47.2 MPa and 48.0 MPa. The temperature of the specimen is increased from room temperature to the temperature of the entire section to reach 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C, and then the temperature of the specimen section is constant. After preloading, the load is continuously loaded with each level of 10t, and the strain of steel pipe and concrete under each level of load is recorded; until the specimen fails, it is loaded and its ultimate bearing capacity is recorded. The loading device uses a 1500T electro-hydraulic servo pressure testing machine.
4. D-Shaped Steel Tube Concrete Structure
4.1. Temperature Influence of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Specimens
The specimen was heated from room temperature to 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C, respectively. The temperature change trend of each measuring point of the cross-section during the heating stage with time is shown in Figure 2. The time for the center point of the test piece to reach the set temperature is shown in Table 2. It can be seen from Figure 2 that during the heating stage of the specimen, because the thermal conductivity of concrete is smaller than that of steel pipe, the closer the measurement point is to the center of the section and the thermal conductivity of concrete lags behind that of concrete at other locations, but as the heating time increases, the temperature of each point of the specimen section tends to be similar. Because the heater in this test does not lose heat from the outside world during the heating process of the test piece, under the condition of the output power-fixed and set heating temperature, with the loss of a small amount of heat, the entire section of the test piece is particularly The final heating temperature of the concrete part tends to be similar but not the same; that is, the temperature of the concrete section cannot be the same as the applied temperature set by the heater [33], but it is considered that the temperature of each measuring point of the concrete changes within a certain period of time. It is assumed that its heating has stabilized.
The temperature change trend of each measurement point in the cooling stage with time is shown in Figure 3 [34]. It can be seen from Figure 3 that during the heating and cooling process of the test piece, because the thermal conductivity of concrete is worse than that of steel pipe and the heat storage capacity is better than steel pipe, the heating rate of each measuring point from the outside to the inside of the cross-section is gradually reduced during the heating stage and the cooling rate is also gradually reduced during the cooling stage. At 20°C, because the temperature difference is small, the radial strain changes little, and there are fluctuations in the changes, but the overall trend is to increase first until it stabilizes; at 40°C, the temperature difference becomes slightly larger, and the radial strain changes accordingly there is an increase until it stabilizes; at 60°C, the temperature difference changes greatly, while the rate of change of radial strain first increases and then decreases [35]. After half of the heating time, the rate of change of radial strain continues to increase until it stabilizes. At 80°C, the temperature difference change is larger than before, and the radial strain change rate is firstly smaller. After 1/3 of the heating time, the radial strain change rate continues to increase until it stabilizes.
The axial and radial strain changes of D-shaped reinforced concrete at different temperatures are shown in Figure 4. The change amplitude of radial strain at 20°C and 80°C is smaller than that at 40°C and 60°C, and the change rate of radial strain at 40°C and 60°C is faster before it stabilizes; in the first half of the heating process, the amount of strain change over time is relatively large. The hoop strain at 20°C and 40°C has a smaller amplitude of change than those at 60°C and 80°C, while the hoop strain at 60°C and 80°C has a larger amplitude and rate of change in the 2/3 time period before the temperature rise. Then, it stabilizes. The hoop strain at 20°C and 40°C has a smaller amplitude of change than those at 60°C and 80°C, while the hoop strain at 60°C and 80°C has a larger amplitude and rate of change in the 2/3 time period before the temperature rise. When the heating temperature is 20°C, the temperature difference is small, and the radial strain change is small, and when the heating temperature is 20°C and 40°C, the hoop strain and axial strain change are small; when the heating temperature is 60°C, the concrete amplitude and rate of change of radial, hoop, and axial strain are all larger than the related parameters when the temperature rise is 800. At the same time, a large temperature difference will produce a large temperature strain. Therefore, the temperature difference is large when the temperature rises from normal temperature to 60°C and 80°C. Therefore, the three-directional (radial, circumferential, and axial) strain of the concrete varies greatly.
4.2. Fiber Model Program Verification
In order to verify the correctness of the fiber model used in this research, this section carried out a fiber model numerical analysis on some of the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube eccentric compression members carried out according to the loading path II. The calculation results of the numerical analysis are shown in Figure 5. The test results are shown in Figure 6. Due to some defects and human negligence in the test process, the test results and the calculation results of the fiber program have a certain deviation. In addition, the curves of the remaining specimens are in good agreement. It can be seen from Figure 6 that the numerical analysis curve and the experimental curve are in good agreement. In general, the numerical analysis curve and the test curve are in good agreement in terms of stiffness at the rising stage, peak load, and decreasing trend of bearing capacity after peak load. Therefore, the fiber model program can better simulate the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube member. The results show that the D-shaped steel tube concrete interface state can provide a certain theoretical and experimental reference for the optimization of the steel tube concrete interface ensuring the long-term working performance of the steel tube concrete under the harsh environment.
4.3. Bonding State of D-Shaped Steel Tube Concrete Interface
The specimens were cured in the curing room for seven days. Before the axial compression test of the test specimens, the concrete strength of three 100 mm cube concrete specimens cured at the same time and cured under the same conditions were tested. The test results are shown in Table 3. The experimental phenomena at each stage are shown in Table 4. The test phenomena from loading to failure of the five specimens in this test are very similar. In the initial stage of loading, the deformation and morphological changes of the specimen are both. The strain and vertical compressive deformation of the strain gauge section in the specimen basically increase linearly with the increase in the load. With the gradual increase in the load, the surface of the steel pipe is near 120 T. The rust and grout began to peel off, indicating that the steel pipe has yielded, the core concrete inside the steel pipe has a subtle noise, the core concrete has microcracks, and the apparent volume of the steel pipe has increased significantly. As the load continues to increase, when each specimen is near the load range of 136 T–144 T, the specimen is damaged in a drum shape, resulting in obvious deformation. The vertical displacement increases sharply, and the failure to continue loading and the excessive vertical compression deformation of the specimen are the criteria for the failure of the specimen, indicating that the specimen has reached the ultimate bearing capacity and is destroyed [36].
The strain gauge data measured before the concrete-filled steel tube short column reaches the ultimate bearing capacity are accurate. When the ultimate bearing capacity is approached, the specimen will buckle locally, and the measured data of the strain gauge are very discrete, which causes the strain gauge to fail. In this test, the displacement meter was used to record the displacement under various loads. The mathematical expectation value of the test data is shown in Figure 7. It can be seen from Figure 7 that when the load is in the range of 0–120 T, the strain is in the range of 0–1000 μe, and when the specimen is in the elastic stage, the axial force-strain curve of each section has a good coincidence. Among them, when the axial load is about 110 T, the strain increases rapidly as the load increases, while the 1-1, 3-3 section, about 120 T, the strain increases faster, which shows that as the axial load increases, The end and middle of the steel pipe are prone to buckling, which is consistent with the experimental phenomenon. When the axial load is 120 T and the strain is around 1000 μe, the steel pipe yields. When the load is in the range of 120 T to 144 T, the specimen enters the elastoplastic stage from the elastic stage. At the same time, it can be seen that the axial strain is about 1000 μe, while the hoop strain is only about 500 μe. This shows that at this stage, the axial strain increases faster than the hoop strain, and the hoop strain changes little in the elastic phase. After the load is greater than 144 T, the hoop strain of each section of the steel pipe increases rapidly. The bearing capacity of ordinary concrete-filled steel tube short columns in the elastic stage is only about 60% of the ultimate load, while the elastic bearing capacity of this test specimen reaches more than 75% of the ultimate load, which shows that self-compacting microexpansion concrete is beneficial to improve the concrete-filled steel tube short columns. It has elastic bearing capacity, but its elastoplastic stage interval is very small.
4.4. Mechanical Properties of Specimens under Axial Load
The loading temperature and ultimate bearing capacity are shown in Table 5. It can be seen from Table 5 that the ultimate bearing capacity of concrete-filled steel tube specimens under normal temperature is higher than the ultimate bearing capacity at the set temperature (20°C to 80°C) and increases with the temperature (20°C to 80°C); the ultimate bearing capacity has a decreasing trend. As for the numerical relationship between the decreasing range of bearing capacity and the range of temperature change, the trend and range of the three-dimensional stress change of the interface at different temperatures need to be analyzed. The change of loading temperature and ultimate bearing capacity is shown in Figure 8. The corresponding ambient temperature of A, B, C, D, and E specimens is normal temperature 11°C, 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C, as shown in Figure 8. The concrete-filled steel tube short column specimens will fail under different temperature and axial compression conditions, and the subsequent failure state is often the end bending. the reason is that it is not crushed. The load-strain curve of the concrete-filled steel tube specimen under axial compression at constant temperature (20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C) is similar to that of the concrete-filled steel tube specimen under normal temperature. Under the conditions of 11°C, 20°C, and 80°C, the change amplitude of the radial strain of concrete is larger than that under the conditions of 40°C and 60°C, while the elastic stage of the load-strain curve at 40°C is shorter. The elastic phase of the hoop strain of concrete at 20°C and 40°C is longer, the hoop strain change at 80°C is smaller, and the hoop strain change trend at 11°C and 60°C is in two cases between. The elastic phase of concrete axial strain is longer at 20°C, 40°C, and 60°C, while the change of axial strain at 11°C and 80°C is smaller. The radial strain of concrete at 40°C is smaller, and the axial strain at 80°C is smaller. If only considering the restrictive effect of steel pipe on concrete, that is, the radial effect, three temperatures of 11°C, 20°C, and 80°C are the environmental temperatures with the best structural performance.
4.5. Abdominal Force
Under the action of eccentric pressure, the steel pipe has two areas, one is the unit that is subjected to both bending moment and pressure and the other is the unit that only bears the bending moment on the member. In this study, the patch plate is a unit that only bears the bending moment of the member. Due to the structure of the D-shaped member, it is mainly used to resist the bending moment in the y-axis with higher bending performance, and the response of the plaque in this case is mainly discussed. According to the calculation results of the program, it is found that there is a certain shear stress in the abdominal cavity, so the tensile stress in a certain direction is relatively large. For steel, the tensile and compressive bearing capacity is the same, while for concrete, the tensile stress is easy to cause the destruction of the unit [37]. The connection between the abdominal cavity and the single round steel tube produces a larger main tensile stress, and the maximum value of the main compressive stress appears at the edge of the compressed round tube far from the neutral axis. The stress distribution of the patch panel and related parts is shown in Table 6. The maximum stress of the adjacent steel tube and concrete element is shown in Figure 9. For comparison, the table also lists the maximum stress value of the steel tube and concrete at this time (where (-) means compression). It can be seen from Table 6 that with the increase in the load, the main tensile stress of the element in the abdominal cavity also increases. Among them, the plaque element has a larger elastic modulus and the load per unit area is also larger. The stress is also larger, and the tensile stress of the concrete unit is lower, but compared with the lower bearing capacity of the concrete itself, 3.68 MPa, the tensile stress of the concrete in the abdominal cavity also increases faster. Under the load of (b), tensile stress of concrete even reaches 3.59 MPa, and the concrete is about to crack. At this time, the maximum principal compressive stress of the concrete in the nip has reached 329 MPa, which is also close to being crushed; at this time, the principal compressive stress of the steel reaches 315.0 MPa, which is also very close to its yield load of 353.3 MPa. It can be seen that under the bias load of this example, the crushing of the circular pipe part and the tensile failure of the slab concrete proceed simultaneously. Figure 9 also shows the process of the development of concrete from cracks to the final failure of the components. The calculation results of the program also show that after the edge of the steel tube element yields, the adjacent concrete elements are also crushed and unloaded at the same time, and due to the unloading of the concrete, some of the adjacent concrete elements are also crushed, resulting in a larger compression zone. Displacement further increases the displacement difference in the compression zone, so that the tension of the abdominal cavity connected to the two is rapidly expanded, causing the concrete in the abdominal cavity to be damaged, resulting in a decrease in the integrity of the entire structure.
5. Conclusion
For the temperature impact test of concrete-filled steel tube specimens, during the simulating heating phase, the concrete-filled steel tube specimens are placed in a resistance heater, and they are, respectively, heated to a gradient temperature from room temperature. The specimen starts to be heated at room temperature and ends when the temperature of the concrete at the center of the three sections of the specimen reaches the same level; in the simulated cooling stage, when the specimen is heated to a certain temperature, the resistance heater is turned off and the temperature is automatically reduced to room temperature. From the beginning of heating to each set maximum temperature and cooling from a certain temperature to normal temperature, the temperature and strain are collected at intervals.
When the fiber model method is used for numerical analysis of the ordinary structure of the D-shaped concrete-filled steel tube compression-bending member, the steel and concrete of the midspan section of the member are divided into a large number of fiber elements, and then the area and coordinates of each fiber element are calculated. The internal force of each fiber through the strain, stress-strain relationship, and area of each fiber element is calculated. Finally, by integrating and summing the internal force of each fiber element, the resultant force of the internal force of the section is obtained, and then according to the balance condition with the internal and external forces, output of the corresponding external loads N and M is found. The calculation results of the program also show that after the edge of the steel tube element yields, the adjacent concrete elements are also crushed and unloaded at the same time, and due to the unloading of the concrete, some of the adjacent concrete elements are also crushed, resulting in a larger compression zone.
The main equipment for the mechanical performance test of the specimen under the axial load includes the 1SMN electro-hydraulic servo pressure testing machine, resistance heater, and automatic temperature reading recorder. Before the constant temperature loading test of the concrete-filled steel tube specimen, the standard test block of the concrete compressive strength is tested. The temperature of the specimen is increased from room temperature to the temperature of the entire section to reach the gradient temperature, and then the temperature of the section of the specimen is kept constant. After preloading, the load of each level is ten tons for continuous loading, and the steel pipe and concrete under each level of load are recorded. The strain is loaded until the specimen fails, and its ultimate bearing capacity is recorded. The loading device uses an electro-hydraulic servo pressure testing machine.
Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.