Experimental Study on Frost-Heaving Force Development of Tibetan Clay Subjected to One-Directional Freezing in an Open System

Figure 3

The temperature changes in soil samples under different top-plate temperatures. (a) T_top = −5°C, ρ_d = 1.75 g∙cm⁻³, and ω = 17%; (b) T_top = −7°C, ρ_d = 1.75 g∙cm⁻³, and ω = 17%; (c) T_top = −9°C, ρ_d = 1.75 g∙cm⁻³, and ω = 17%.

(a)

(b)

(c)