Implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Using Hybrid Z-DEMATEL-ISM Approach

Table 1

Challenges found through BIM implementation.

Category	Challenge	Reference
Technology	The lack of object library of making a good use of standard	[45, 46]
	Lack of a unite source for effective use of BIM technology (by-laws and native BIM standards)	[47]
	Lack of research on native technology	[46, 48]
	Lack of interaction and teamwork among project team members	[49]
	Absence of infrastructure and BIM-based electronic data exchange infrastructure (such as Internet speed)	[50]
	Misunderstanding of BIM technology (lack of recognition of BIM benefits)	[48, 51, 52]
	Not suited for the change of the mode of thinking	[46, 53]
	Psychological resistance to new technology (resistance to changeability)	[54–56]
	Having a negative attitude towards sharing data sources	[23, 57]
	Incomplete BIM design software models	[51, 58]
	There are no technical countermeasure plans for BIM software errors to validate	[59, 60]
	Inconsistency with traditional 2D and 3D data and increased design workload	[60]
	Lack of scalability of BIM performance	[60]
	Lack of interaction between professionals	[49, 60]
Economic	Costs and time of staff training	[15]
	Cost of hardware upgrades required	[60]
	High cost of BIM software, license, and associated applications	[53]
	Cost of hiring experts	[48, 53]
	The increasing of design costs	[60]
	The economic benefits of using BIM technology is not obvious	[60]
	Lack of client demand	[59, 61]
	Recurring need for additional and associated resources	[62]
Operation	There is no sufficient external motivation	[60]
	Lack of top management commitment	[48, 59]
	Lack of learning resources of BIM technology	[48]
	Lack of experts	[63, 64]
	Sanctions some of the key advantages and disadvantages of BIM	[46]
	Unable to use all people involved in the work of BIM software	[57]
	Inadequate workforce experience, knowledge, and skills	[45, 47]
	Industry’s resistance to change from traditional working practices	[53, 54]
	Lack of practical experience and academic exchanges of BIM project	[46, 50]
	There is no issued BIM standards and guidelines by policy sector and industry competent authorities	[65]
	Lack of systematic BIM training courses	[60]
	The project participants are not accustomed to collaborative work mode	[60]
	The increasing of workload of the designers	[60]
	It is difficult to version and safety management of the BIM model	[66]
	The risks of reorganization of BIM-based business processes	[53]
	Lack of clear goal of the adoption of BIM technology within the organization	[60]
	There is no long-term BIM applications program within the organization	[58, 67]
	Low level of involvement of BIM users in green projects	[51]
	Lack of initiative and hesitance on future investments	[64, 68]
	Difficulty in assessing environmental parameters of building properties	[69, 70]
	Nonuniformity of sustainability evaluation criteria and measures	[51, 69]
	Nonimplementation of open source principles for software development	[71]
Legitimate	Lack of government support and relevant organizations to standardize and localize the technology of BIM	[54, 72]
	Lack of regulations and legal measures to protect the intellectual property of the BIM model	[46, 48, 73]
	Failure to mature the mechanism for resolving BIM projects	[60]
	The lack of model text of BIM standard contract	[46, 48, 76]
	The lack of insurance provisions applying to BIM	[60]