Implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Using Hybrid Z-DEMATEL-ISM Approach

Table 2

Examined challenges of BIM implementation.

Category	Code	Challenge
Technology	T1	Lack of a single source for effective use of BIM technology (by laws and native BIM standards)
	T2	Lack of interaction and teamwork among project team members
	T3	Absence of infrastructure and BIM-based electronic data exchange infrastructure (such as internet speed)
	T4	Misunderstanding of BIM technology (lack of recognition of BIM benefits)
	T5	Psychological resistance to new technology (resistance to changeability)
	T6	Having a negative attitude towards sharing data sources
Economic	O1	Costs and time of staff training
	O2	Cost of hardware upgrades required
	O3	Cost of hiring experts
Operation	E1	Sanctions some of the key advantages and disadvantages of BIM
	E2	Inability to use all people involved in the work of BIM software
	E3	Inadequate workforce experience, knowledge, and skills
Legitimate	L1	Lack of upstream organization’s support and relevant organizations to standardize and localize the technology of BIM
	L2	Lack of regulations and legal measures to protect the intellectual property of the BIM model
	L3	Failure to mature the mechanism for resolving BIM projects