Test and Numerical Analysis on Damaged Steel Beam Strengthened with Prestressed CFRP Sheet

Hou, Wenyu; Wang, Fengchi; Wang, Lianguang

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6711877

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 6711877 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6711877

Test and Numerical Analysis on Damaged Steel Beam Strengthened with Prestressed CFRP Sheet

Wenyu Hou,¹Fengchi Wang,¹and Lianguang Wang²

Academic Editor: Piotr Smarzewski

Received30 Apr 2021

Revised26 Aug 2021

Accepted30 Aug 2021

Published08 Sept 2021

Abstract

This paper presents the experimental and numerical analysis of damaged steel beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP sheet or only strengthened with CFRP sheet. The test results showed that damaged level had a significant effect on the stiffness, yield load, and ultimate bearing capacity. And using prestressing CFRP sheet to strengthen damaged steel beam could increase the ultimate bearing capacity. The numerical analysis results showed that the damaged level had a significant effect on the stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity. The strengthened steel beam with the damaged level could exceed the steel beam without damage by about 10% in the ultimate bearing capacity. The ultimate bearing capacity would increase about 8% when the flange or web thickness increased per 1 mm. The ultimate bearing capacity would increase about 3% when the thickness or width of CFRP sheet increased per 0.05 mm or 10 mm. The bearing capacity would increase about 1.5% when the prestressed degree increased about 7%.

1. Introduction

Steel structure may be damaged by the erosion of natural environment, natural disasters, improper operation, loading, and human factors when the structure had been serviced over a long period of time [1]. And the damage will reduce the bearing capacity and durability and even lead to structure failure. In order to prolong the service life and ensure the security of the damaged steel structure, it is necessary to replace or reinforce the damaged structure [2]. But replacement of damaged members would waste a lot of financial and material resources. At the same time, the way of replacement may affect the use of the other parts of the structure. At present, the repair work of the engineering structures had become a necessary and regular work, which required a large amount of investment every year. Therefore, it is an urgent task to find an economical and efficient method for repairing the steel structure.

In recent years, a new method of repair damaged steel structures using CFRP (Carbon Fiber Polymer) sheets has been proposed. CFRP sheets have the material and mechanical properties such as low self-weight, high strength, and durability. And the CFRP sheet can be epoxy-bonded to the damaged members to restore the bearing capacity and durability. During the past years, there have been many studies on repairing the steel members with FRP materials. Kim and Harries [3] tested the static and fatigue properties of 6 repaired beams, focusing on the local plasticity and the CFRP-steel interface. Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) was used to predict the experimental behavior. CFRP restored the static carrying capacity of the damaged beam to the level of the undamaged beam. The stress range at the damage area affected the fatigue life, damage propagation, and plastic strain development of the repaired beams. The fatigue crack propagation on the web of beam was not significant over 50% of the fatigue life, while the brittle web fracture exceeded the threshold value. A bilinear fatigue response was observed at the interface between CFRP and steel, and the strength depended on the number of fatigue cycles and the range of applied stress. Wu et al. [4] studied the fatigue properties of artificially notched steel beams strengthened by 4 different materials under equivalent tensile stiffness. The test results showed that the application of fiber reinforced composite plate could not only delay the crack initiation, reduce the crack growth rate, and prolong the fatigue life, but also reduce the stiffness decay and residual deflection. Yu et al. [5] studied the effectiveness of CFRP plates in prolonging the fatigue life of steel structures. The experimental results showed that the CFRP patches could effectively slow down the crack propagation and prolong the fatigue life and the later strengthening tends to prolong the residual fatigue life more significantly under the larger damage level. Bocciarelli and Colombi [6] proposed a simple method for calculating the elastoplastic response of steel beams strengthened with CFRP. The main conclusion was that the reinforced section must achieve a large curvature in order to develop its ultimate bending moment resistance, so it was necessary to use stiffeners to avoid local instability problems in the webs and in the flanges. Hmidan et al. [7] studied the crack-tip properties of W4 × 13 steel beams with wide flanges reinforced with CFRP sheets. The results showed that the number of layers and modulus of CFRP affected the crack-tip plasticity of the strengthened beams. Colombi et al. [8] conducted the fatigue tests on cracked steel plates (a single edge specimen) reinforcing by strips bonded to a single side. The results showed that CFRP materials bonded around the tip area prolonged the fatigue life of the damaged steel elements about 3 times. Ghafoori and Motavalli [9] conducted experimental and numerical studies on lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) of steel beams strengthened by CFRP laminates with normal modulus (NM). It showed that increasing the prestress in CFRP laminates did not always increase the buckling strength of the reinforced slender steel beams. Wang et al. [10] used CFRP and prestressed CFRP sheets to repair steel-concrete composite beams. The results showed that the yield load of reinforced composite beams was not significantly affected by CFRP sheets, but the ultimate load was significantly affected by CFRP sheets. Colombi and Fava [11] performed fatigue loading on 9 CFRP reinforced fractured steel beams. Experimental results revealed that there was a debonding area between the reinforcement and the steel substrate at the crack location. Debonding obviously had adverse effect on the reinforcement effectiveness. Gholami et al. [12] evaluated the performance of I-section steel beams strengthened with pultruded CFRP plate on the bottom flange after exposure to diverse conditions (including natural tropical climate, wet/dry circulation, plain water, salt water, and acidic solution). It was found that the bonding layer was the critical part of the system which was directly related to the system performance, and the ductility of all strengthened beams increased after exposure. Aljabar et al. [13] extended the existing knowledge of CFRP strengthening of steel elements under tensile fatigue loading to the case of mixed tension and shear loads. In order to describe the effect of mixing mode on the crack propagation, a shifting phenomenon was found. A mixed mode modification factor was developed to estimate the fatigue life of CFRP-strengthened steel plates with inclined initial cracks. Hu et al. [14] proposed fatigue design guides and programs for CFRP-strengthened steel structures. The results showed that CFRP was effective in strengthening steel structures under fatigue. CFRP could extend the fatigue life under a certain loading condition or increase the allowable stress range when a certain fatigue life was required. Yousefi et al. [15] presented the experimental and numerical results of failure analysis and structural behavior of notched steel I-beams reinforced by bonded CFRP plates under static load. The results showed that the CFRP failure modes in strengthening of deficient steel I-beams included end-debonding, below point load debonding, splitting, and delamination. Jankowiak and Madaj [16] used the passive method to calculate the composite beam strengthened with prestressing CFRP strips by ABAQUS. The results showed that different initial strain values had little effect on the improvement of ultimate bearing capacity and stiffness of composite beams. Using CFRP strips to strengthen the composite beams could reduce the number and width of cracks and could significantly improve the durability of the structure. Omar et al. [17] used test and finite element to analyze 178 models, covering 6 variables representing common problem parameters: the slenderness ratio of web, the monosymmetric ratio of I-beam, the area of CFRP, the modulus of elasticity of CFRP, the tensile strength of CFRP, and the length of CFRP sheet. The parametric study showed that CFRP sheets were very efficient in reinforcing compact monosymmetric sections, whereas the enhancement in beams with noncompact sections was very small. CFRP sheets were able to reach its ultimate strength as enough bond length was ensured. Analytical procedure for calculating the flexural strength of steel I-shaped beams reinforced with CFRP sheets at tension flange was presented. Bocciarelli et al. [18] proposed analytical and numerical models of elastobrittle adhesives to evaluate the stress and strain distribution in the reinforcement at a given crack length. The results of experimental were considered to validate the proposed numerical and analytical techniques. The calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental results, with the accuracy of the proposed models. Martinelli et al. [19] studied the bonding behavior of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites glued to steel substrate by experimental and numerical simulation. The results showed that the incorporated bond-slip relationship in the proposed numerical model had a significant effect on the numerical results. Therefore, it was important to identify the realistic bond-slip relationships under different adhesive types and curing conditions (by conducting experimental tests). The performed parametric study had implied that using FRP composites with higher elastic modulus or application of thicker FRP reinforcement results in an increased prestress release/lap-shear capacity of the FRP-to-steel bonded joints, provided that there was enough bond length. Li et al. [20] tested 8 notched steel beams strengthened with a CFRP plate under four-point bending after suffering from overloading fatigue and/or 400 wetting/drying cycles (WDCs) with 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The experimental results showed that overloading fatigue and/or WDCs significantly affected the mechanical properties of retrofitted steel beams. The strength and stiffness of the overloaded damaged beams were continuously degraded by WDCs, whereas the beams without overloading damage only suffered from the first 90 WDCs. As observed from the strain distribution and debonding failure modes, the WDCs initiated debonding along the steel beam/adhesive interface and degraded the adhesive bonding over all the bonding surfaces. Meanwhile, overloading damage mainly occurred near the notch and resulted in bond degradation of the CFRP plate/adhesive interface, which induced salt solution penetration and thus further degraded the adhesive bonding.

In this paper, the tension flange was partly sawn at midspan to simulate the damage of steel beams. And CFRP sheets or prestressed CFRP sheets were bonded to the lower side of the flange of steel beams to restore the bearing capacities and the elastic stiffness in the test. Because the test cannot consider all the parameters, finite element software-ABAQUS was used to analyze the variation of load, deflection, and stress along the length of steel beam under different parameters.

2. Experimental Program

A total of four damaged steel beams were fabricated. The steel beams were made of typical Chinese Standard steel I14A of which the depth was 140 mm, the width of flange was 80 mm, the thicknesses of flange and web were 9.1 mm and 5.5 mm, respectively, and the area of section was 2,150 mm². The steel sections were cut into 1.6 m long beams and two different damaged levels of 50% and 100% loss of tension flange were cut at midspan of the steel beams, as shown in Figure 1(b). Tensile test of I-shaped steel was conducted. The yield strength and tensile strength of I-shaped steel were 256 MPa and 423 MPa, respectively. The externally bonded strengthening systems selected for this study were high-strength CFRP sheets. The thickness of the CFRP sheets was 0.167 mm, the wide was 50 mm, and the length was 1,300 mm. Tensile test of CFRP sheets was conducted, and an average tensile strength was 3,456 MPa; elastic modulus was 258 GPa. The resin adhesive used to paste CFRP sheet was matched with CFRP sheet, and its shear strength was 19.4 MPa. Two different attachment patterns were, namely, CFRP sheet and prestressed CFRP sheet. The prestress was applied to the CFRP sheets by using self-made stretching bed. Implementation method: fixed CFRP sheets by two steel slabs with four bolts at the end of stretching bed and four screws which could move up and down; applied prestress to the CFRP sheets by raising the supports horizontally, as shown in Figure 2. Prestressed CFRP sheets or CFRP sheets were pasted on the bottom of the tension flange and then pasted the U-shape hoops at the end of CFRP sheets to make sure the CFRP sheets could be anchored to the steel beams. The detailed parameters of the steel beams are given in Table 1. The steel beams were loaded in four-point bending with 500 mm spacing between two concentrated point loads and with two equal shear spans of 500 mm. Rubber bearings were used at the supports. Loading was applied across the full width of the top flange of steel beam by spreader beam that were placed between the rubber bearings on the top of the steel beam. Four-point bending tests were performed using hydraulic jacks, as shown in Figure 3. Monotone grading loading was adopted in this test. And the load of each stage was 2 kN. When the specimen was close to failure, slow and continuous loading was used until the specimen was destroyed.

(a)

(b)

3. Test Results

3.1. Failure Mode

The steel beams repaired with adhesively bonded prestressed CFRP sheet or CFRP sheet could display four distinct failure modes including the top flange buckling; some part of CFRP sheet debonding; CFRP sheet ruptured with the top flange buckling; CFRP sheet rupture.

Because of no CFRP sheet bonded, the failure of SB0 was the top flange buckling. The CFRP sheet ruptured with the top flange buckling happened in the CFSB2 and because of the prestressed CFRP sheet bonded, the failure mode of CFSB1 was some part of CFRP sheet debonding and some part rupture. The CFSB3’s failure mode was some part of CFRP sheet debonding and the bottom flange crippling because of the damaged level of CFSB3 was larger than others. The failure modes are shown in Figure 4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3.2. Effect of Prestressed CFRP Sheet

Figure 5(a) shows the load versus midspan deflection of the steel beams SB0 and CFSB1. CFSB1 was strengthened with prestressed CFRP sheet and SB0 was not strengthened. The yield load of CFSB1 was 18.1% greater than that of SB0, and the stiffness was 28.8% greater than that of SB0. The ultimate load of CFSB1 was 17.1% greater than that of SB0. The results showed that epoxy-bonded prestressed CFRP sheet had significantly increased the yield load, ultimate bearing capacity, and the stiffness of the damaged steel beam.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.3. Effect of Damaged Level

Figure 5(b) shows the load versus midspan deflection of the steel beams CFSB1 and CFSB3. CFSB1 was the strengthened steel beam with the 50% damaged level and CFSB3 was the strengthened steel beam with 100% damaged level. The yield load and ultimate load of CFSB1 were, respectively, 57.6% and 58.7% greater than those of CFSB3, and the stiffness was 55.6% greater than that of CFSB3. It showed that the stiffness, yield load, and ultimate load could reduce about 50% when the damaged level was double.

3.4. Effect of Prestressing

Figure 5(c) shows the load versus midspan deflection of the steel beams CFSB1 and CFSB2. CFSB1 was the strengthened steel beam with prestressed CFRP sheet and CFSB2 was the strengthened steel beam with CFRP sheet. The stiffness of CFSB1 was 16.1% greater than that of CFSB2. The yield load and ultimate load were, respectively, 7% and 1% greater than those of CFSB2. It showed that the prestressing had a significant effect on the stiffness but had little effect on the yield load and ultimate load.

4. Numerical Analysis

4.1. Material Properties

4.1.1. Steel Beam

The steel beam was assumed to be an elastic-plastic material identical in tension and compression as shown in Figure 6 and the relationship of stress and strain waswhere , , , , , , , was the elastic modulus of steel, was the yield strength of steel, and was the ultimate strength of steel.

4.1.2. CFRP Sheet

The CFRP sheet was assumed to be an orthotropic material as shown in Figure 7 and the relationship of stress and strain waswhere was the strain of CFRP sheet, was the stress of CFRP sheet, was the allowable ultimate strain of CFRP sheet, and was the elastic modulus of CFRP sheet.

4.2. Model Development

The numerical analysis was performed using the software ABAQUS. Geometry and loading arrangements of the model were adopted in accordance with the experimentally tested beams. A three-dimensional element (C3D8R) was created for steel beam and shell-type element (SR4) for CFRP sheet as shown in Figure 8.

(a)

(b)

4.3. Prestressing

Falling temperature method was used in ABAQUS to prestress in the CFRP sheet and the relationship of temperature and load waswhere was the temperature, was the coefficient of linear expansion of CFRP sheet, was the elastic modulus of CFRP sheet, was the sectional area of CFRP sheet, and was the load as the temperature falling.

4.4. Stress Analysis

Figure 9 shows the load and deflection curve of damaged steel beam strengthened with CFRP sheet. The load-deflection curve was nonlinear and it included three phases: elastic phase, elastic-plastic phase, and plastic phase. When the strengthened steel beam was in the elastic phase, the deflection increased slowly as the load increased. When the strengthened steel beam was in the elastic-plastic phase, the deflection increased quickly as the load increased. When the strengthened steel beam was in the plastic phase, the deflection increased quickly but the load increased a little.

Figure 10 shows the stress images of steel beam and CFRP sheet. When the load reached about 33%Pu (Pu was the ultimate load), the bottom flange of steel beam was yielded. But because of the CFRP sheet, the yielded area was restricted. When the load reached about 66%Pu, the top flange of steel beam was yielded. The yielded area developed quickly. When the load reached the ultimate load, the strengthened steel beam was failed.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 11 shows the relationship of stress along steel beam length, stress along steel beam width, and stress along CFRP sheet’s length. In the direction of steel beam length, the maximal stress appeared in the midspan and loading point. In the point A, the maximal tensile stress appeared in the midspan and the pressure stress was almost same in the midspan and loading point. In the point B, the stress in the loading reached maximum and the stress in the midspan was almost the same in the points B and C. In the direction of steel beam width, the maximal tensile stress appeared in the centre of midspan and the pressure stress was almost the same everywhere in the point A. The pressure stress was maximal in the centre of loading point and the tensile was almost the same everywhere in the point A. In the point B, the tensile stress of notch was almost same as the centre in the midspan. In the point C, the maximal tensile stress appeared in the notch of midspan and the maximal tensile and pressure stress appeared in the centre of loading point. The pressure stress was almost the same in the centre of points B and C. The maximal stress of CFRP sheet always appeared in the midspan. In the point A, the stress of CFRP sheet was almost the same as the other place. But in the point B, the stress of loading point was much bigger than the other place. In the point C, the stress of loading point reached maximum, but it was still smaller the stress in the midspan.

(a)

(b)

(c)

4.5. Deflection Analysis

Figure 12 shows the deflection image of strengthened steel beam. When the bottom flange of steel beam became yielded, the deflection was about 3 mm and when the top flange of steel beam became yielded, the deflection was about 7 mm. When strengthened steel beam failed (the bottom flange of steel beam was broken), the final deflection was 42.8 mm.

4.6. The Comparison between Numerical Analysis Results and Test Results

Figure 13 shows the load-deflection comparison between numerical results and test results. Compared the numerical results and test results, agreement was also achieved no matter the steel beams were bare, strengthened with CFRP sheet, or strengthened with prestressed CFRP sheet.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

5. Conclusions

(1)The test results showed that the steel beams repaired with prestressed CFRP sheet or CFRP sheet could display four distinct failure modes including the top flange buckling; some part of CFRP sheet debonding; CFRP sheet ruptured with the top flange buckling; CFRP sheet rupture. The damaged level had a significant effect on the stiffness, yield load, and ultimate load. And the prestressed CFRP sheet could increase the bearing capacity.(2)By comparing the numerical results and test results, agreement was also achieved no matter the steel beams were bare, strengthened with CFRP sheet, or strengthened with prestressed CFRP sheet. The load-deflection curve was nonlinear and it included three phases: elastic phase, elastic-plastic phase, and plastic phase.(3)The numerical analysis results showed that the damaged level had a significant effect on the stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity. When the damaged level was 10%, the bearing capacity after strengthening could exceed the steel beam without damage. When the flange width was ≥80 mm, after the steel beam yielded, as the deflection increased, the bearing capacity would be unchanged. When the flange width was ≥105 mm, the strengthened steel beam would be yielded as it failed. The bearing capacity would increase about 1.5% when the prestressing degree increased about 7% and the stress of CFRP sheet would increase about 3%.

Data Availability

Some or all data, models, or code generated of used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Youth (No. LJ2020QNL006) and Open Fund Project of Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Disaster and Control of Major Engineering, Jinan University (20200904012).

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Copyright © 2021 Wenyu Hou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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