System Hazard Analysis of Tower Crane in Different Phases on Construction Site

Table 1

System thinking method.

Method	Main idea
AcciMap	AcciMap analyzes accidents concerning six organizational levels, including government policy and budgeting, regulatory bodies and associations, local area government planning and budgeting (including company management), technical and operational management, physical processes and actor activities, and equipment and surroundings [22].
STAMP	Accidents are not due to independent component failures but occur when external disturbances, component failures, or interactions between system components cannot be controlled appropriately [23].
FRAM	Functional resonance theory is the theoretical basis of FRAM model construction and states that there are many functions with normal fluctuations in the system, and when the normal fluctuations of a particular function are abrupt, an accident occurs [24].
2-4 model	The model indicates that the occurrence of accidents is the result of the development of individuals and organizations in four stages: one-off behavior, habitual behavior, operational behavior, and guide behavior. The model considers the direct cause of an accident to be the unsafe behavior of humans or unsafe conditions of equipment and the environment. The root cause is a weak organizational safety culture [25].