Modeling of Concrete-Frozen Soil Interface from Direct Shear Test Results

Figure 3

Shear stress versus horizontal displacement at the normal stress of 100 kPa. (a) (T) = 19°C, (b) (T) = –1°C, (c) (T) = –3°C, and (d) (T) = –5°C.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)