Pasternak Model-Based Tunnel Segment Uplift Model of Subway Shield Tunnel during Construction

Table 1

Physical and mechanical ground characteristics around the tunnel.

Layers	Unit weight (kN/m^3)	Water content	Cohesion (kPa)	Internal friction angle (°)	Void ratio	Compression modulus (MPa)
Backfill	19.1	30.2	8.0	12.5	1.3	—
Silt clay	18.8	35.3	16.2	10.2	1.1	6.8
Sand clay	19.2	38.8	12.1	23.1	0.9	7.6
Clay	18.2	42.2	18.2	20.2	0.8	10.9
Shale	25.2	—	300	32	—	—