Research Article
Optimization Effects of Load Reduction for Earth Pressure on High-Filled Cut-and-Cover Tunnels Using the Discrete Element Method
Table 3
Microscopic parameters of the materials.
| | Parameter | Diameter of particles (mm) | Density (kg/m3) | Normal stiffness (N/m) | Shear stiffness (N/m) | Normal bond strength (N) | Tangential bond strength (N) | Coefficient of friction | Damping factor |
| | Loess | 6 to 10 | 1800 | 2e7 | 1e7 | 250 | 250 | 0.6 | 0.7 | | EPS | 12 | 3e6 | 2e6 | — | — | 0.15 | — | | 15 | 3e6 | 2.5e6 | 0.27 | | 20 | 4e6 | 3.5e6 | 0.32 | | 30 | 6e6 | 6e6 | 0.60 |
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