Freezing Temperature Field of FSPR under Different Pipe Configurations: A Case Study in Gongbei Tunnel, China

Table 4

Physical parameters of test materials.

Material	Density (kg·m^−3)		Thermal capacity (J·kg^−1·K)		Thermal conductivity (W·m^−1·K^−1)		Water content (%)	Freezing point (°C)
Saturated sand	ρ	ρsat	Unfrozen	Frozen	Unfrozen	Frozen	40.29	−0.5
	1436	2054	1370	1070	1.48	1.80
C30 concrete	2455		920		1.64		—	—
Cement mortar	1910		845		1.29		—	—
Steel pipe	7840		319		62		—	—
Air	1.28		1005		0.02		—	—