A Displacement-Based Theory for Predicting the Support Force on the Shield Tunneling Surface in Sandy Soil Layers

<div>Comparison of ultimate support force obtained from theoretical and numerical calculation: (a) active ultimate support force and (b) passive ultimate support force.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 9

Figure 9: A Displacement-Based Theory for Predicting the Support Force on the Shield Tunneling Surface in Sandy Soil Layers 