A Displacement-Based Theory for Predicting the Support Force on the Shield Tunneling Surface in Sandy Soil Layers

Table 3

Theoretical results of the ultimate supporting force.

H/D	φ (°)	Active ultimate support force (kPa)	Passive ultimate support force (kPa)
0.5	25	14.51	480
0.5	30	11.65	630
0.5	35	8.4	820
0.5	40	6.12	1120
1	25	17.77	850
1	30	12.56	950
1	35	9.57	1420
1	40	6.6	1880