Evaluating the Properties of Railway Ballast Using Spectral Analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar Signal Based on Optimized Variational Mode Decomposition

<div>(a) Spectrogram of GPR signal of wet ballast. (b), (c) Wavelet spectrum of GPR signal of wet ballast.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 5

Figure 5: Evaluating the Properties of Railway Ballast Using Spectral Analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar Signal Based on Optimized Variational Mode Decomposition 

Figure 5 | Evaluating the Properties of Railway Ballast Using Spectral Analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar Signal Based on Optimized Variational Mode Decomposition 