Evaluating the Properties of Railway Ballast Using Spectral Analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar Signal Based on Optimized Variational Mode Decomposition

<div>Hilbert spectrum of the modes from optimized VMD GPR of dry ballast (a). Wet ballast (b).</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 7

Figure 7: Evaluating the Properties of Railway Ballast Using Spectral Analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar Signal Based on Optimized Variational Mode Decomposition 

Figure 7 | Evaluating the Properties of Railway Ballast Using Spectral Analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar Signal Based on Optimized Variational Mode Decomposition 