Review of InfraRed Thermography and Ground-Penetrating Radar Applications for Building Assessment

Table 4

Summary table of the state-of-the-art of IRT and GPR techniques applied to cultural heritage buildings.

Application	Materials	IRT	GPR	Other NDTs	References
Estimation of thickness and quality of walls	Limestone	✓	✓	Laser scanning, aerial surveying	Solla et al. [82]
	Stone building façade	✓		Ultrasonic technique	Diana and Fais [83]
	Brick wall covered with marble		✓	Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)	Yalçıner et al. [84]
	Limestone		✓	Seismic tomography	Pérez-Gracia et al. [85]
	Masonry walls		✓		Rasol et al. [86]
	Masonry of bricks		✓		Cintra et al. [87]
Detection of hidden targets or structural elements	Two-story houses with gabled roofs, masonry brick, and stucco	✓			Glavaš et al. [88]
	Small pieces of roughed-hewn stones to build masonry and calcareous materials	✓			Sfarra et al. [89]
	Stone and plaster walls	✓			Ibarra-Castanedo et al. [90]
	Stones walls		✓	Laser scanning	Santos-Assunçao et al. [91]
	Masonry of bricks		✓		Cintra et al. [87]
Detection of delamination, cracking and cavities in walls/façade and columns	Lime plaster base with a thin layer of visible stucco marble	✓			Arndt [92]
	Plaster layer over a support of marble, tuff with plaster	✓		Geophysical techniques	Carlomagno et al. [93]
	Small pieces of roughed-hewn stones to build masonry and calcareous materials	✓			Sfarra et al. [89]
	Stone and plaster walls	✓			Ibarra-Castanedo et al. [90]
	Brick wall covered with marble		✓	UPV	Yalçıner et al. [84]
	Rubble filled stone walls		✓		Johnston et al. [94]
	Limestone		✓	Seismic tomography	Pérez-Gracia et al. [85]
	Masonry walls		✓	Ultrasonic and flat-jack test	Guadagnuolo et al. [95]
	Plastered and painted		✓		Işık et al. [96]
	Stone and brick walls		✓	Microwave tomography	Catapano et al. [97]
Detection of moisture in façade, walls, columns, and pavements	Granite, bricks and limestone	✓	✓	Electrical conductivity meter (EC), relative humidity (RH)/temperature (T) monitoring by means of data loggers (DL), wireless sensor networks (WSN)	Martínez-Garrido et al. [98]
	Masonry façade	✓	✓	Laser leveling (LL), ambient vibration testing (AVT)	Diz-Mellado et al. [99]
	Brick wall and concrete wall	✓			Garrido et al. [100]
	Two-story houses with gabled roofs, masonry brick and stucco	✓			Glavaš et al. [88]
	Marble, granite, and breccias		✓	Microclimatic investigation	Cataldo et al. [101]
	Plastered and painted walls and dome		✓		Işık et al. [96]
	Rough stone building	✓		Laser scanning	Nardi et al. [102]
Detection of moisture and detachment behind mosaics, marquetries, paintings, statues, and frescoes	Frescoed wall	✓	✓	Structure-from-motion photogrammetry (SfM)	Danese et al. [103]
	Mural paintings (frescoes)	✓			Cadelano et al. [104]
	Wall paintings	✓			Mouhoubi et al. [105]
	Tessellatum mosaic	✓			Garrido et al. [106]
	Wooden marqueterie	✓			Chulkov et al. [107]; Garrido et al. [108]
	Covered walls made of bricks		✓	UPV	Yalçıner et al. [84]
	Tesserae mosaic pavement		✓		Calia et al. [109]
	Marble statue	✓		Laser scanning	Campione et al. [110]
Study of the structural integrity of wall foundation, floors, and soil system (zonification, cavities, subsidence, etc.)	Masonry façade	✓	✓	LL, AVT	Diz-Mellado et al. [99]
	First case: natural and anthropic filling; Second case: loose alluvial and pyroclastic soils		✓	Electrical ResisTivity (ERT)	Evangelista et al. [111]
	Stone-block walls		✓	ElectroStatic (ES) quadrupole test	Dabas et al. [112]
	Alluvial soil		✓	Ultrasonic and flat-jack test	Guadagnuolo et al. [95]
	Reinforced concrete floor		✓		Işık et al. [96]
	Floor layers: stone tiles, reinforced concrete screed, floor heating, thermal insulation, cross-reinforced concrete slab, sand backfill		✓		Rucka et al. [113]
Inspection of timber floor/ceiling and location of beams	Wooden	✓			Martínez and Martínez [114]
	Wooden		✓	Drilling and penetration resistance, accelerometers for seismic measurements	Fontul et al. [115]
Inspection of basement	Brick and plaster masonry	✓		Capacitive moisture meter	Balík et al. [116]
	Basement roof supported by cast-iron columns (reinforced bars)		✓		González-Drigo et al. [117]
	Almost flat rooftop with interior vaults and columns		✓		Rasol et al. [86]