Review of Culture in Construction Projects: Status Quo and Challenges

Table 2

The measurement of culture in construction.

Paradigm		Perspectives	Representative results
The function	Culture as variable	Organizational culture	Clan culture, market culture, adhocracy culture, hierarchy culture [3]
			Adaptability, mission, consistency, involvement [52]
			The constructive culture, the defensive culture [53]
		National culture	Individualism/collectivism, power distance, long-term/short-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity [54]
		Project culture	Integration, cooperation, goal-oriented, flexible and people oriented [55]
			Workforce orientation, performance orientation, team orientations, client orientation and project orientation [7]
		Safety culture	The person (safety climate), the behavior (safe or unsafe), d the environment/situation (safety management systems) [56]
The non-function	Culture as a root metaphor	Modifying organizational culture to measure project culture	The Gideon’s gang and the diplomats [57]
			Systems of thoughts, a symbolic perspective, structural and psychodynamic perspective (underlying basic assumptions) [45]