Discrete Element Simulation and Monitoring Analysis of Different Construction Methods of the Shallow Buried Bias Tunnel

Figure 10

Distribution of vertical displacement of the single side heading method: (a) displacement contours of different excavation stages of the single side heading method (without systematic bolt); (b) distribution of vertical displacement for final excavation stage of the single side heading method: work condition 3 (A), work condition 4 (B).

(a)

(b)