Discrete Element Simulation and Monitoring Analysis of Different Construction Methods of the Shallow Buried Bias Tunnel

<div>Distribution of vertical displacement of the three-step method: (a) displacement contours of different excavation stages of the three-step method (without systematic bolt); (b) distribution of vertical displacement for final excavation stage of the three-step method: work condition 1 (A), work condition 2 (B).</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 9

Figure 9: Discrete Element Simulation and Monitoring Analysis of Different Construction Methods of the Shallow Buried Bias Tunnel 