Discrete Element Simulation and Monitoring Analysis of Different Construction Methods of the Shallow Buried Bias Tunnel

Table 2

Macromechanical parameters for numerical simulation.

Materials	Modulus of deformation E (GPa)	Poisson’s ratio μ	Internal friction angle Ф (°)	Cohesion c (MPa)	Unit weight γ(kN/m^3)
Residual soil	21e-3	0.35	22	18e-3	18
Highly weathered rock	1.9	0.35	27	0.15	19.0
Moderately weathered rock	1.95	0.35	29	0.25	19.5
Slightly weathered rock	2.1	0.35	29	0.25	19.5
Initial lining	35	0.25	—	—	25
Bolt and grouting	11.0	0.25	30	1.35	20