Research Article
Discrete Element Simulation and Monitoring Analysis of Different Construction Methods of the Shallow Buried Bias Tunnel
Table 3
Micromechanical parameters for numerical simulation.
| | Materials | (kg/m3) | Coefficient of friction | Effective modulus (Pa) | Normal-to-shear stiffness ratio | Bond effective modulus (Pa) | Bond normal-to-shear stiffness ratio | Tensile strength (Pa) | Cohesion (Pa) | Friction angle (°) |
| | Residual soil | 2000 | 0.4 | 50e-6 | 1 | 50e-6 | 1 | 80e-3 | 80e-3 | 32.5 | | Rock (highly weathered) | 2300 | 0.6 | 1.0e-8 | 5.0 | 1.0e-9 | 5.0 | 9.0e-5 | 3.0e-5 | 32.50 | | Rock (moderately weathered) | 2350 | 0.6 | 2.0e-8 | 5.0 | 2.0e-9 | 5.0 | 9.0e-5 | 3.0e-5 | 32.5 | | Rock (slightly weathered) | 2400 | 0.6 | 2.0e-8 | 5.0 | 2.0e-9 | 5.0 | 9.0e-5 | 3.0e-5 | 35 | | Initial lining | 2500 | 0.8 | 1.0e-8 | 5.0 | 20e-9 | 10 | 1.0e-25 | 1.0e-25 | 80 | | Bolt and grouting | 2400 | 0.8 | 1.0e-8 | 5.0 | 6.0e-9 | 5.0 | 2.0e-6 | 8.0e-6 | 35 |
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