Prediction of Pile Bearing Capacity Using Opposition-Based Differential Flower Pollination-Optimized Least Squares Support Vector Regression (ODFP-LSSVR)

Table 3

Prediction result comparison.

Phase	Indices	ODFP-LSSVR		BPANNR		RTR		RVMR
		Mean	Std.	Mean	Std.	Mean	Std.	Mean	Std.
Training	RMSE	76.99	1.26	96.95	6.62	72.13	1.82	75.62	1.38
	MAPE	6.12	0.11	7.88	0.39	5.57	0.16	5.97	0.09
	MAE	57.22	1.15	75.29	4.09	51.61	1.41	55.55	1.00
	R^2	0.95	0.00	0.92	0.01	0.96	0.00	0.95	0.00
Testing	RMSE	92.19	11.39	103.09	15.33	105.52	20.32	102.59	14.59
	MAPE	7.38	0.82	8.56	1.13	7.89	1.27	7.89	1.29
	MAE	68.97	9.28	80.45	11.54	73.92	11.91	73.02	9.34
	R^2	0.93	0.02	0.90	0.03	0.90	0.04	0.91	0.03