Concrete Production and Curing with Recycled Wastewater: A Review on the Current State of Knowledge and Practice

Table 2

Determined values of recycled wastewater quality parameters vs maximum allowable limits as per IS 456:2000 [36].

S/N	Author	Type of wastewater used to produce concrete	Parameters analysed	Values obtained			Max. tolerable limits	IS 456: 2000 limits [36]	Comparison with max. limits	Comparison with IS 456: 2000 limits [36]
1	Tay and Yip [29]	Wastewater is treated through coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, aeration, and chlorination, at increasing concentrations from 25–100% of potable water.	Colour	13			—	—	—	—
			Turbidity	1.5			2000	—	Within	N/A
			BOD5	2			—	—	N/A	N/A
			COD	35			—	—	N/A	N/A
			NO2-N	0.2			—	—	N/A	N/A
			NH4-N	16			—	—	N/A	N/A
			NO3-N	2.5			—	—	N/A	N/A
			TH-CaCO3	140			—	—	N/A	N/A
			pH	7.1			9	>6	Within	Within
			SS	3.2			2000	2000	Within	Within
			TS	670			50000	—	Within	N/A
			TA-CaCO3	110			500	—	Within	N/A
			CaCO3	—			1000	—	—	—
			HCO3^-	102			400	—	Within	N/A
			Sulphates	56			3000	400	Within	Within
			Chlorides	240			4500	2000	Within	Within
2	Su, et al. [42]	The wash water from concrete mixer washout operations	pH	11.63			9	>6	Higher	Within
			Turbidity-	187.33			2000	—	Within	N/A
			TS	4196.67			50000	—	Within	N/A
			Chlorides	16.34			4500	2000	Within	Within
			Sulphates	216			3000	400	Within	Within
3	Al-Ghusain and Terro [19]	Preliminary (PT), secondary (ST) and tertiary (TT) treated wastewater		PT	ST	TT
			TS	986	867	773	50000	—	Within	N/A
			Sulphate	230	180	160	3000	400	Within	Within
			NO3-N	0	0.4	1.9	—	—	N/A	N/A
			NO2-N	0	0	0.6	—	—	N/A	N/A
			Chloride	287	290	340	4500	2000	Within	Within
			NH4	37	44	36	—	—	N/A	N/A
			COD	407	61	29	—	—	N/A	N/A
			Alkalinity-CaCO3	228	66	57	500	—	Within	N/A
			Sulphide	0.9	0	0.2	—	—	N/A	N/A
			Total Cl	0	0	1.71	—	—	N/A	N/A
			Res. free Cl	0	0	0.18	—	—	N/A	N/A
4	Silva and Naik [43]	Primary (PT), secondary (ST) and tertiary (TT) treated wastewater		PT	ST	TT
			TSS	86	—	6	2000	2000	Within	Within
			BOD5	183	—	5	—	—	N/A	N/A
			NH4-N	—	—	0.2	—	—	N/A	N/A
			P	—	—	0.3	—	—	N/A	N/A
			Faecal coli MPN/100 ml	—	50000	40	—	—	N/A	N/A
5	Al-jabri and Taha [33]	Wastewater from car washing station	pH	6.94			9	>6	Within	Within
			Electrical resistivity (μs/cm)	498			—	—	N/A	N/A
			TDS	254			50000	—	Within	N/A
			Tot. Alkalinity	90			500	—	Within	N/A
			HCO3^-	90			400	—	Within	N/A
			Carbonates	0			1000	—	Within	N/A
			Hydroxide	0			—	—	N/A	N/A
			Tot. Hardness	152			—	—	N/A	N/A
			Ca + Mg + Na + K	253.7			<2000	—	Within	N/A
			Iron	0.1			—	—	N/A	N/A
			F^−(PPM)	0.97			—	—	N/A	N/A
			Cl^−(PPM)	74.2			4500	2000	Within	Within
			Br^− (PPM)	0.22			—	—	N/A	N/A
			(PPM)	0.07			500	—	Within	N/A
			(PPM)	8.14			100	—	Within	N/A
			SO4 (PPM)	97.7			3000	400	Within	Within
			SiO2 (PPM)	9.56			—	—	N/A	N/A
6	Noruzman, et al. [44]	The secondary treated effluents from heavy industry (HI), a palm-oil mill (POM), and domestic sewage (DS)		HI	DS	POM
			pH	8.8	7.21	8.14	9	>6	Within	Within
			Total solids	3445	1121	240	50000	—	Within	N/A
			SS	178	23	20	2000	2000	Within	Within
			Total alkalinity	449	159	60	500	—	Within	N/A
			Sulphates	56.7	22.6	25.4	3000	400	Within	Within
			Chlorides	225	7.5	5.2	4500	2000	Within	Within
			Ca + Mg + Na + K	31.7	4.6	4.1	2000	—	Within	N/A
			Nitrate	113	7.5	45	500	—	Within	N/A
			Iron	1.52	0	0	—	—	N/A	N/A
			Copper	0.39	0	0	600	—	Within	N/A
			Lead	0.18	0.007	0.003	600	—	Within	N/A
			Zinc	0.44	0.21	0.13	600	—	Within	N/A
			Manganese	0.756	0.011	0.028	600	—	Within	N/A
7	Asadollahfardi, et al. [17]	Treated domestic wastewater before chlorination	pH	7.7			9	>6	Within	Within
			Turbidity	12			2000	—	Within	N/A
			Sulphates	180			3000	400	Within	Within
			Nitrates	14			500	—	Within	N/A
			Nitrites	3.6			—	—	N/A	N/A
			Chlorides	55			4500	2000	Within	Within
			Total solids	200			50000	—	Within	N/A
			TSD	30			2000	2000	Within	Within
			BOD5	30			—	—	N/A	N/A
			TDS	170			50000	2000	Within	Within
			COD	93			—	—	N/A	N/A
8	Ghrair, et al. [45]	Raw (RGW) and treated grey (TGW) water from grey water treatment plant		RGW	TGW
			TSD	436	2	2000		2000	Within	Within
			TDS	980	803	50000		2000	Within	Within
			COD	900	6.97	—		—	N/A	N/A
			BOD5	536	2.98	—		—	N/A	N/A
			Chlorides	243	208	4500		2000	Within	Within
			Sulphates	222	137	3000		400	Within	Within
			pH	7.5	7.9	9		>6	Within	Within
			E. Coli (MPN/100 ml)	1.70E + 05	<1	—		—	N/A	N/A
			NH3	24	>4.5	—		—	N/A	N/A
9	Meena and Luhar [27]	Secondary (ST) and tertiary (TT) treated wastewater		ST	TT
			BOD5	20	14	—		—	N/A	N/A
			Hardness as CaCO3	256	248	—		—	N/A	N/A
			Chlorides	269.91	257.92	4500		2000	Within	Within
			Turbidity (NTU)	0.305	0.586	2000		—	Within	N/A
			pH	7.48	7	9		>6	Within	Within
			Conductivity (μs/cm)	1.59	1.59	—		—	N/A	N/A

N/A = not available, SS = suspended solids; TS = total solids; TSS = total suspended solids.