Review Article

Concrete Production and Curing with Recycled Wastewater: A Review on the Current State of Knowledge and Practice

Table 3

Impact of wastewater on selected properties of concrete against provisions of ASTM C94/C94m-00 [38] and IS 456-2000 [36].

S/NAuthorType of wastewater usedInitial setting time, in minutes7 Day compressive strength, in MPa28 days compressive strength, in MPa
Control mixWastewater mixASTM C94/C94 satisfiedControl cubesWastewater cubesASTM C94/C94m-00 satisfied [38]Control cubesWastewater cubesIS 456:2000 satisfied [36]

1Ghrair, et al. [45]Raw grey water180200Yes1+0.8 (RI) (%)Yes1−7.7 (RI %)Yes
Treated grey water180205Yes1+3.8 (R.I %)Yes1−0.6 (R.I %)Yes
2Su, et al. [42]Wash water95108.3Yes100113.67, (R.I %)Yes100107.67 (RI %)Yes
3Tay and Yip [29]Wastewater treated by coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, aeration, & chlorination at 25–100% concentrationsN/A13.525.6 (25%), 26.4 (50%), 26.5 (75%) and 26.8 (100)Yes2033.6 (25%), 35.3 (50%), 35.5 (75%) and 36.4 (100%)Yes
4Al-jabri and Taha [33]WW from cars washing station at 25–100% concentrationsAs per the graph, yes6664.3 (25%), 66.8 (50%) and 63.8 (100%)Yes7770 (25%), 75 (50%), and 72 (100%)Yes
5Noruzman, et al. [44]Secondary treated effluents from (HI), a (POM) and (DS)117110 (HI), 108 (DS) and 149 (POM)Yes, except for POMThe graph shows, yesPOM almost failed
6Asadollahfardi, et al. [17]TDWW before chlorinationYesN/AYes
7Meena and Luhar [27]T And ST were used at 10%, 25%, 50% and 100% cons.100%85–94% of the normal for TTYes, except ST100%85–94% of the normal for TTYes, except ST

Note. HI = heavy industry, POM = palm oil mill, TT = tertiary treated wastewater, SS = secondary treated wastewater, TDWW = treated domestic wastewater, DS = domestic sewage and R.I. = relative index in (%).