The Effect of Fines and Temperature on the Mode I Fracture Characteristics of the Frozen Sand

Figure 16

The fracture toughness of the frozen sand specimen with 0, 5, 10, and 15% fine contents at −5, −10, and −15°C. (a) Fracture toughness versus fine contents. (b) Fracture toughness versus temperature.

(a)

(b)