Research Article
The Effect of Fines and Temperature on the Mode I Fracture Characteristics of the Frozen Sand
Table 3
Summary of the three-point bending test results.
| | Temp. (°C) | Fine contents (%) | Max. load, Pmax (kN) | Fracture toughness, KIc (MPa⋅m1/2) | Fracture energy, Gf (J/m2) | Brittle or ductile |
| | −5 | 0 | 1.176 | 0.507 | 105.06 | Brittle | | 5 | 1.408 | 0.607 | 1290.57 | Ductile | | 10 | 1.589 | 0.685 | 1324.37 | Ductile | | 15 | 1.140 | 0.492 | 852.24 | Ductile |
| | −10 | 0 | 1.240 | 0.535 | 71.212 | Brittle | | 5 | 1.448 | 0.625 | 96.430 | Brittle | | 10 | 1.919 | 0.828 | 1081.84 | Ductile | | 15 | 1.601 | 0.691 | 866.00 | Ductile |
| | −15 | 0 | 1.304 | 0.562 | 89.38 | Brittle | | 5 | 1.794 | 0.774 | 144.22 | Brittle | | 10 | 2.084 | 0.899 | 151.00 | Brittle | | 15 | 2.310 | 0.996 | 1125.88 | Ductile |
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