Risk Factors for Time and Cost Overruns of Pipeline Projects in Saudi Arabia

Table 1

Causes of risk factors leading to time and cost overrun.

Group	Risk factor	References
Design risk	Defective design	[24]
	Design change due to change orders	[21]
	Delay in drawing approval	[25]
Health, safety and environment	Force majeure (earthquake, pandemics, etc.)	[19]
	Night work (poor visibility, slip, and trip)	[26]
	Exposed existing pipelines during construction	[22, 27]
	Inadequate site safety procedures
	Government permit approval delay
	Accidents (human, vehicle, etc.)
	Geological factors like soil movement and landslides
Security & Social	Terrorism and sabotage	[22, 27]
	Reduction in the productive capacity of labor and machinery	[19]
	Labor strike	[17]
Supply risk	Supplying invalid materials	[19]
	Materials monopoly by suppliers	[19]
	Delays in materials and equipment supply	[21]
Financial risk	Financial failure/bankruptcy	[19]
	Inflation and interest rate increase	[25]
	Increase in tax regulation	[25]
	Increase of contractor project cost (Cost overruns)	[25]
Construction risk	The discrepancy between implementation requirements and specifications	[19]
	Variation orders	[17]
	Poor pipeline material quality	[18, 28]
	Corrosion of pipeline during its life cycle time	[22, 27]
	Weakness in identifying and monitoring dangers.
	Operational errors (human error and equipment failure)
	Unforeseen site circumstances (differing site conditions)	[24, 25]