Risk Factors for Time and Cost Overruns of Pipeline Projects in Saudi Arabia

Table 3

Questionnaire results.

Risk group	Risk code	Risk factor	Mode	Standard deviation
Design	D1	Defective design	Moderate	0.71
	D2	Design change due to change orders	High	0.70
	D3	Delay in drawing approval	High	0.83
Health, safety and environment	HSE1	Force majeure (earthquake, pandemics, etc.)	Low	1.05
	HSE2	Night Work (poor visibility, slip, and trip)	Moderate	0.75
	HSE3	Exposed existing pipelines during construction	Moderate	0.83
	HSE4	Inadequate site safety procedures	Moderate	0.81
	HSE5	Government permit approval delay	High	0.77
	HSE6	Geological factors like soil movement and landslides	Moderate	0.76
	HSE7	Accidents (human, vehicle, etc.)	Moderate	0.91
Security and social	SS1	Terrorism and sabotage	Moderate	1.00
	SS2	Reduction in the productive capacity of labor and machinery	Moderate	0.77
Supply	S1	Supplying invalid materials	Moderate	0.72
	S2	Materials monopoly by suppliers	High	0.70
	S3	Delays in materials and equipment supply	High	0.73
Financial	F1	Financial failure/bankruptcy	High	0.83
	F2	Inflation and Interest rate increase	High	0.78
	F3	Increase in tax regulation	High	0.76
	F4	Increase of contractor’s project cost (cost overruns)	Moderate	0.71
Construction	C1	The discrepancy between implementation requirements and specifications	Moderate	0.76
	C2	Variation orders	High	0.74
	C3	Poor pipeline material quality	High	0.83
	C4	Corrosion of pipeline during its life cycle time	High	0.81
	C5	Weakness in identifying and monitoring dangers.	Moderate	0.68
	C6	Operational errors (human error and equipment failure)	High	0.75
	C7	Unforeseen site circumstances (differing site conditions)	Moderate	0.64