Research Article
Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Project Risks in China: 2003–2019
Table 1
Risk index system of PPP project (positive and negative perspective).
| The standard layer | First-level elements | Secondary elements | Indicator form | Index unit | Indicator attribute | Reference documentation |
| Driving force | Economic risk | Local economic situation | GDP | Billions of dollars | Forward direction | [40] | Local fiscal situation | Fiscal and public budget revenue | Billions of dollars | Forward direction | [41] | Driving force | Financial risk | Government debt | Bank loan balance | Billions of dollars | Backward direction | [42] | Financing situation | Total investment of PPP project | Billions of dollars | Opposite direction | [43] | Pressure | Ecological risk | Ecological environment governance | Total investment of pollution control | Billions of dollars | Backward direction | [44] | Pressure | Technical risk | Technological level | R&D funds | 10,000 dollars | Forward direction | [45] | Pressure | Management risk | Management capability | Level of higher education received | Number of people | Forward direction | [46–48] | Efficiency of the administrative system | Government efficiency | % | Forward direction | [49] | State | Social risk | Public health emergency of international concern | Value added of administrative review and administrative appeal cases | Number of packages | Backward direction | [50] | State | Natural disaster risk | Losses caused by events of force majeure | Direct economic losses caused by natural disasters in that year | Billions of dollars | Backward direction | [51] | Impact | Political risk | Corruption | Duty crime + corruption | Number of people | Backward direction | [52] | Impact | Credit risk | Government credit | Staffing changes for public officials | Thousands of people | Backward direction | [53] | Social capital credit | Number of enterprises discredited | Number of packages | Backward direction | [54] | Response | Market risk | PPP market competition | Number of PPP projects | Individual | Backward direction | [55] | Raw material price volatility | Building materials price index | % | Backward direction | [50] |
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