Enhancing Seismic Performance: A Comprehensive Study on Masonry and Reinforced Concrete Structures Considering Soil Properties and Environmental Impact Assessment
Table 1
Soil profile type classification for seismic amplification based on Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1:2004 E) [36].
Ground type
General description
Average shear wave velocity to 30 m (m/s)
A
Rock or other rock-like geological formations, including at most 5 m of weaker material at the surface
>800
B
Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or very stiff clay, at least several tens of meters in thickness, are characterized by a gradual increase in mechanical properties with depth
360–800
C
Deep deposits of dense or medium-dense sand, gravel, or stiff clay with thickness from several tens to many hundreds of meters
180–360
D
Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesionless soil (with or without some soft cohesive layers), or of predominantly soft-to-firm cohesive soil
<180
E
A soil profile consisting of a surface alluvium layer with vs values of type C or D and thickness varying between about 5 and 20 m, underlain by stiffer material with vs. > 800 m/s
—
Deposits consisting, of or containing a layer at least 10 m thick, of soft clays/silts with a high plasticity index (PI > 40) and high-water content
<100 (indicative)
Deposits of liquefiable soils, sensitive clays, or any other soil profile not included in types A–E