Prediction Model for Safe Operation of Pumping Stations Optimized by the Sparrow Search Algorithm and BP Neural Network

Table 10

Performance comparison of various models under different evaluation indicators.

Model	MAE	MSE	RMSE	MAPE (%)
BP	1.1221	1.9882	1.41	0.0134	0.90475
SSA-BP	0.27322	0.0853	0.29207	0.0032	0.99876
GA-BP	0.64524	0.2417	0.4451	0.0047	0.97203
PSO-BP	0.73401	0.3126	0.7751	0.0053	0.95782