Advances in Civil Engineering

Review Article

Microstructure in Adhesion Development Process and Strength Formation Mechanism in Early Stage of Cold Recycled Mixture with Emulsified Asphalt

Table 2

Important studies and results of research on the adhesion development of emulsified asphalt mastic.


References	Year	Study methods	Important results or explanations

[43–45]	2007–2009	Stern’s double layer theory and electrophoresis experiments.	Detecting the stability of the asphalt mastic.
[46]	2015	Testing the time-varying law of the average particle size and observing it with an optical microscope.	Dividing the adhesion development into three stages: (1) The contact stage between cement and emulsified asphalt; (2) the dynamic equilibrium stage; and (3) the accelerated demulsification stage.
[47, 48]	2015	Studying the variation of the viscosity with time through the Gompertz model.	The Gompertz model could reflect the variation of adhesive viscosity over time.
[49]	2017	UV visible spectroscopy and Lambert Beer’s law.	Introducing 2 parameters: UV absorbance and emulsifier concentration to characterize this process.
[50, 51]	2014–2018	Testing the effects of pH value and Ca²⁺ concentration through rheological shear tests and storage stability tests.	Reducing the adsorption ability of cement and increasing the resistance of emulsions to hydrate ions can improve the mixing stability of asphalt emulsion with cement.
[52–54]	2015–2022	Electrodynamics and centrifugal conductivity method.	Managing the content of Na+ and phenyl functional groups in the emulsifier could adjust the rate of demulsification process.
[26]	2018	Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM).	Early-stage (<14 days) strength formation depends mainly on the integration between emulsion particles. Accelerating the demulsification by surfactant can improve the early-stage strength.
[55, 56]	2018–2019	Examining aggregate characteristics through ultraviolet spectrophotometry and the orthogonal test.	Influencing factors of demulsification speed: Chemical composition, surface energy, and specific surface area.
[57]	2020	Examined the demulsification time and influencing factors.	Increasing pH value: Delaying the cement hydration and prolonging the demulsification. Stabilizers: Shortening the demulsification. Increasing the stirring speed: Shortening the demulsification.
[58]	2022	Effects of the main chemical components of the aggregates through the Gompertz model.	Influencing factors of demulsification speed: Surface energy, specific surface area, and pH value of the chemical components.