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| SN | Related cloud technology | Challenges | Opportunity |
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| 1 | Cloud computing | (i) For a single cloud, the storage and computing capability is finite.
(ii) CSPs have issues in maintaining the overall structure, availability, and reliability 24/7. The probability of the SLA violation is not negligible.
(iii) High computing processes require more bandwidth and hardware. Therefore, the cost of the overall structure increases considerably. | (i) Allows the scalability, flexibility, and elasticity of computational resources.
(ii) Allows an on-demand delivery and pay-as-you-go service over the Internet.
(iii) Resource pooling is also available. |
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| 2 | Federated cloud | (i) Reliability and interoperability cause nonnegligible issues, since the heterogeneous aspect of the federated cloud affects its performance in terms of compatibility. The disaster management in the federation also becomes complicated.
(ii) The federation’s pricing and load balancing process are complex because several CSPs handle users’ requests. The pricing mechanism is complicated. | (i) Advancement in cloud federation allows very high scalability, flexibility, and elasticity of computational resources and storage. CSPs leverage the resources available in the federation. |
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| 3 | Edge computing | (i) Privacy and protection are aspects that capture the attention of users of this technology. Due to the innovation that this technology brings, it is difficult to have a confirmed assurance that users would put their trust in edge computing technology. Users need to protect their privacy.
(ii) Finding a standard in terms of pricing is difficult in such technology. The implementation of an agile and dynamic pricing model is one of the significant challenges.
(iii) Discovery, delivery, and mobility are also part of the battles that edge computing technology faces. The incredible number of devices used in the edge computing environment renders resource management more and more complex. | (i) The short response time that this technology offers is its principal asset. Privacy, resiliency against cloud/network failure, and extendibility are also the characteristics of this technology. |
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| 4 | Fog computing | (i) As for edge computing technology, the heterogeneity aspect and its location close to the user render fog computing technology more complex. Thus, QoS management, scalability, versatility, and interoperability are challenging to handle. Also, the management of data is problematic because of the mobile nature of mobile nodes and the distributed aspect of fog computing technology. Therefore, mobility and security concerns can be raised.
(ii) Efficient data processing is complex due to limited computational resources and distributed data processing. | (i) This technology is also distinguished by its significant improvement in cloud protection, efficiency, and accessibility by offering communication with a short delay (10 ms) and high throughput (10 Gbps). |
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