Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network for Disaster Management: Systematic Literature Review

Table 6

RQ3: algorithm/approaches used for an effective SAGIN based DMS.

Ref	Approach	Methodology	Issues	Tools and technologies	Evidence
[10]	Survey/literature review	Conducted a review on the use of 6G-enabled SAGIN for the improvement of SAGIN infrastructure	Several open challenges discussed	Review work	No evidence was provided for this work
[13]	Survey/literature review	Discussion on green communication of air-ground integrated heterogeneous networks (AGIHN)	Decreasing natural resources, the complexity of the radio environment, and improvement of energy efficiency	Integration of 6G and AGIHN logical proposal	No evidence was provided for this work
[14]	Simulation platform and case study	Provision of a SAGIN simulation platform that supports node mobility, protocols, and control algorithms	Complex architecture, dynamic network conditions, high mobility, and SAGIN demand	NS-3 simulator	Experimentally evaluated along with a case study
[15]	Survey	Discussion on the architecture of SAGIN as well as reviewing its different layers	Limited network resources and interoperability between different network segments in a specific heterogeneous network (HetNet)	Review work	No evidence was provided for this work
[18]	Survey	Surveying recent progress in space-air-ground-sea integrated network (SAGSIN) security as well as countermeasures	Consideration of either single network segments or integration of two-tiered network segments. Jamming and eavesdropping attacks on UAVs resulting in interruption of space-ground communication	Review work	No evidence was provided for this work
[19]	Definition of an SDN model along with a load balancing algorithm	An SDN-based model for SAGIN which provides high network flexibility. The proposal of a load-balancing algorithm referred to as LBMRE-OLSR	Existing network architectures are limited in the addressing of real-time dynamic changes in topology as well as frequent information exchanges in emergency situations	OPNET modeler 14.5	Experimentally evaluated and showed optimized results in terms of end-to-end delay and packet loss rate
[20]	The proposed architecture of an SDN-based SAGIN	Proposal of an SDN-based SAGIN architecture as well as the designing of a strategy of controller placement for dynamic topologies of space-based UAV to optimize the average delay between switch and controller	Traditional networks are unable to provide effective communication	MATLAB 2020a	Experimentally evaluated and results show a reduction in maximum delay and average delay between switch and controller
[22]	Proposed SAGIN architecture with the incorporation of civil aircrafts (CA)	Presentation of a novel architecture that makes use of CA, augmented space-air-ground integrated vehicular networks (CAA-SAGIVN) to enable a breakthrough in service-oriented fair allocation, and collaboration with multiple sky platforms	Nonuse of CA as a valuable resource in SAGIN as well as no progress in communication problems in disaster scenarios and remote areas	None	An existing testbed is not valid for the testing of the proposed architecture
[23]	Proposal of a novel architecture using AI	A novel coded storage-and-computation architecture using AI that accelerates distributed machine learning offers flexible computational offloading and reliable storage	Frequent dynamic connections and link errors in SAGIN increase the issue of computation slowdown and data failure as well as constrain the improvement of AI service efficiency	Simulated using use cases	The evaluation provided that the proposed framework provides better performance in terms of average offloading and average retrieval delay in unreliable network situations
[25]	Proposal of SAGIN for disaster management. Also, the proposal of the framework for the enhanced detection and communication of disasters using internet protocol (IP)	For the application of disaster management, the implementation of SAGIN using IP is proposed. A framework is also proposed, along with a simulation for a disaster scenario	Limitation of air-ground, terrestrial, and space-ground network in the event of a disaster scenario	Satellite tool kit (STK)	Experimentally evaluated and shows the effectiveness of communication in a disaster scenario
[26]	Proposed a scheme for encrypted data retrieval in SAGIVN, known as ERDSS	The main purpose was to perform fuzzy retrieval over misspelled words and sort the results by relevance score, while ensuring precised and effective data retrieval and sharing scheme	Due to the incorporation of multiple communication and network services, SAGIN is vulnerable to security threats	Eclipse using Java, PyCharm using Python	Evaluated through simulation using a real data set in a simulated SAGIVN environment which showed the potential of the ERDSS
[27]	Proposal of a novel attestation approach in SAGIN-based IoV networks	Novel attestation approach proposed for the verification of the trusted state of virtual services and network nodes in SAGIN-based IoV networks	The problem of remote attestation and solution for the trust and security problems on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) based on the SAGIN	Prototype system with 5 servers. VM with Ubuntu 14.04	Experimentally evaluated which showed the efficient verification of the trusted state of nodes and services
[28]	Proposal of secure and efficient handover authentication scheme along with batch verification mechanism for SAGIVN	A novel group-based handover authentication scheme with anonymity in a disaster area SAGIVN based on aggregate proxy signature technique	Previous work only focused on a single-tier network rather than taking full advantage of the SAGIN architecture	Security analysis and comparison of the proposed scheme with existing schemes	The evaluation demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of handover latency and average signalling cost
[32]	Use of space-arial-assisted end-edge-cloud orchestrated computing framework and the proposal of an alternating optimization algorithm	To satisfy the computing of remote IoT applications by using a specialized cloud-based framework. Formulation of a fairness-aware resource scheduling problem to reduce the maximum task execution delay among IoT devices. Also, the proposal of an alternating optimizing. An algorithm based on the block coordinate descent method	Neglection in the optimization of user computing delay in the worst scenario, which is the maximum computing delay of users	MATLAB R2012a	Evaluation through simulation where results showed an improvement in the reduction of computing delay of IoT devices. Also, an outperformance of the proposed end-edge-cloud orchestrated scheme in comparison to the end-edge computing coordination method
[42]	Proposal of new network architecture with the combination of SAGIN and IoT	To take advantage of SAGIN’s large satellite coverage aside from the ground network propagation delay, a network architecture using SAGIN and IoT is proposed	Limitation of network capacity and coverage and the option of only relying on ground-based network	None	Logical proposal of architecture
[48]	A framework for air traffic control based on SAGIN is proposed. satellite communication protocol specifications (SCPS) are proposed for air traffic communication	Discussion on the issues faced by the aviation industry. Aside from this, a framework, ADS-B, incorporating the use of SAGIN is proposed which would ensure the safe operation of flights	Communication of airplanes and ATC centres for the safe operation of flights	STK	Framework logically discussed. SCPS showed enhanced performance and proves itself viable to be used for space links
[49]	Proposal of a SAGIN framework for the monitoring of accidents	Enhancement in the performance for the monitoring and detection of accidents is performed through the proposed framework	Limitations in accident monitoring systems such as timely detection of accidents, using accurate information to initiate rescue operations, and unavailability of a feasible framework for rescue operations	MATLAB, STK	Evaluated through simulation which showed better performance as compared to SGIN and AGIN and traditional accident monitoring system